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A b-vertex coloring of a graph[15] G is a proper vertex coloring of G such that each color class contains a vertex that has at least one vertex in every other color class in its neighborhood. The b-chromatic number of a graph G is the largest integer?(G) for which G has a b-vertex coloring with?(G) colors. This concept was introduced in [2] by Irving and Manlove by a certain partial ordering on all proper colorings in contrast to chromatic number ? (G),namely? (G) is the minimum of colors used among all minimal elements of this partial ordering, while ?(G) is the maximum of colors used among all minimal elements of the same partial ordering. The b-chromatic number has been considered with respect to subgraphs in [10,11], while the b-chromatic number under graph operations was considered in [15] for the Cartesian product and in [8] for the other three standard products. Operations on graphs produce new ones from older ones. Here the paper deals with the b-chromatic number of adding parallel chords in Cycle, Union of Path with Cycle and its complement, deletion and addition of vertices and edges in a Cycle.

The presence of pathogens in drinking water may result from source water contamination by human and animal activities, followed by improper or insufficient treatment. The study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of water produced at the Kwanyako Water Treatment Plant in the Central the Region of Ghana. Triplicate water samples of Raw and Final water were collected in sterile 500ml polypropylene bottles, and analysed for thermotolerant coliform (TTC) using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to determine the bacteriological quality of water before and after treatment. The study was carried out for a period of 6 months (September, 2013 to February 2014). TTC was positive for all Raw water samples but negative for all Final water samples. This implied that, the water produced at the Treatment plant is efficiently treated and poses no health threat.

Bas C. van Fraassen holds an anti-realist position that directs a damaging attack against entity realism. As it stands, the question of limits of experience is crucial to van Fraassen’s constructive empiricism and has an intricate link with his negation of the ontological status of unobservable entities. This paper essentially rebuts van Fraassen’s position with the case of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It queries the sort of experiential limits placed on science by van Fraassen and argues that his epistemological or constructive empiricist dimension of discourse does not fit or tie-in properly with the question of existence of unobservable entities. Most of his critics somewhat fail to recognize differences in dimensions of discourse. To be sure, this un-appreciated difference in discourse dimension is what brings a shimmering freshness to this paper. Now, using the qualitative tool of critical analysis, the paper fronts the pragmatic and ontological dimensions as much better thresholds of argumentation in the realm of existence of unobservable entities.

Microorganisms play a significant role in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and wastewater. In this study heavy metal resistant fungi were isolated from the waste water treated soil samples of Hudiara drain, Lahore. The optimum pH and temperature conditions for heavy metal removal were determined for highly tolerant isolates of Aspergillus species along with the initial metal concentration and contact time. Biosorption capacity of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was checked against Cu (II) and Pb (II) respectively. The optimal pH was 8-9 for A. flavus and 4-5.4 for A. niger, whereas the optimal temperature was 26°C and 37°C respectively. Moreover, the biosorption capacity of A. flavus was 20.75-93.65 mg/g for Cu (II) with initial concentration 200-1400 ppm. On the other hand the biosorption capacity of A. niger for Pb (II) ranged from 3.25-172.25 mg/g with the same range of initial metal concentration. It was also found that equilibrium was maintained after maximum adsorption. The adsorption data was then fitted to Langmuir model with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.90. The knowledge of the present study would be helpful for further research with reference to bioremediation of polluted soils.

The article aims to increase enhancing Electronic Teaching Material (ETM) of modern (PEP) pedagogical technology, which adopted in the teaching of faculties and some universities can’t match instructional requests currently, while (ETM), which combines multimedia image, visibility and good stereo characteristic features, and robust interaction with computer-assisted learning coursework and develop high capacity, has been common learning resources through different topics. In comparison with traditional teaching material, the electronic teaching material (ETM) can explain major and difficult points in teaching over more perfect teaching design, suitable teaching media chose and implement of multimedia, such as, diagram, icon audio effect, video and animated cartoon .Beginning of the request to build (ETM) based on modern (PEP) pedagogical technology ,this study will explicit increasing enhancing multimedia (ETM) of modern (PEP) pedagogical technology under the design idea electronic teaching material (ETM ) of modern physical education practice (PEP) pedagogical technology, it necessity to meet instructional needs for both lecturers and learners.

A study of breast cancer cases using hospital clinical data was conducted in the state of Bihar, India. It was found that in the past ten years breast cancer incidence increased cumulatively by 642%. In this investigation main emphasis has been given on breast cancer patients. Five districts (Khagaria, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Sitamarhi and Vaishal) in the state of Bihar were selected for residual DDT analysis in serum and tissue of a sample population. Pesticides were estimated by using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Total DDT level in serum samples ranged from 5 ppb to 25 ppb and in the tissue samples it ranged from 900 ppb to 4300 ppb. Maximum accumulated DDT residue in tissue was recorded in the district of Samastipur. Highest accumulation of pp’-DDE was found in the both serum and tissue samples followed by pp-DDT, op-DDT, and pp’-DDD. Increasing concentration of DDT residues in tissues was found to be directly proportional to the effect on estrogen receptors in tissues. This study demonstrates that high accumulation of DDT or DDE and negative effects on estrogen receptor is strongly correlated to carcinogenicity in breast cancer patients.

The most frequent extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD are articular, ocular and cutaneous, whereas respiratory involvement in IBD is rare and only recently identified [1]. The true incidence of respiratory involvement is poorly understood, and is estimated at 0.2% [2]. Airway inflammation is the most common manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease in the lungs [3].Some patients may develop chronic symptoms, particularly those who develop irreversible processes such as bronchiectasis [4]. Bronchial dilatation (BD) is the other most frequent pulmonary manifestation of IBD, with an estimated frequency of 22.6% [5].The aim of our work is to evaluate the prevalence of bronchiectasis and its management in IBD patients.

The review aimed at identifying the gaps left out in the studies on how landuse influences ecosystem health of adjacent rivers in East and Southern Africa. These gaps left have affected both interpretation of results and rendered the studies incomplete. The gaps of interest here were three including; sampling procedure, relationship between river size and land use size as well as limited full ecosystem health components consideration. In our discussion, we have highlighted what the researchers should have done to seal the gaps and complete the ecosystem health assessment. The works reviewed in this paper include 22 peer reviewed papers in various journals, 3 technical ecological reports and 6 academic theses. The time frame of the works reviewed range between 2001 – 2019. It was concluded that a standard protocol be set for all researchers about the elements that must constitute a complete ecological health study such that if an element is left out, the study is not recognized as a complete ecological study. Sampling procedure should follow the before, in and after a stressor or landuse.

An unsteady MHD casson fluid flow past an inclined moving plate is examined to address the effect of chemical reaction and thermal radiation. The resulting system of the equations governing the flow is solved analytically using regular perturbation technique. The numerical results obtained are presented graphically against the different values of the parameters entering into the problem and interpreted physically. It is found that the results obtained in the present work are in excellent agreement with the physical reality of the problem.

Web is an enormous warehouse of knowledge and frequent hyperlinks. Web also serves a wide diversity of user communities and worldwide information service centers. Every minutes the knowledge in web page upwards swiftly. Web page is used to transmit the knowledge to web users. Such voluminous size of web makes a complexity of web information retrieval, web content filtering, web usage mining and web structure mining. Hence, it is essential to perform proper categorization of web pages. This paper formulates the web page categorization problem as multi classification task and provides an appropriate solution using support vector machine. The classification model is generated by learning the features that have been extracted from different category of HTML structures and URLs of the web pages. The experimental results of support vector machine with various kernels have been evaluated and observed that accuracy of web page categorization model with RBF kernel (98.5%) performs well than linear and polynomial kernel.