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The use of essential oils in the food industry, as natural sanitizing agents, requires the definition of optimal conditions. The aim of the present work was to evaluate some antifungal activity parameters as mycelial growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil from Benin against Aspergillus (flavus and tamari), Fusarium (poae and verticillioides) and Penicillium (citrinum and P. griseofulvum) species isolated from traditional cheese wagashi. The chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from fresh leaves was studied by GC-FID and GC-MS and showed (E) ethyl cinnamate with (E)-cinnamaldehyde and benzyl benzoate (39.9, 25.0 and 20.5% respectively) as major compounds. The evaluation of fungal activity showed a significant fungistatic activity against both Fusarium species and Penicillium griseofulvum with a MIC ranged from 800 to 1000 mg/L due probably to the prominent concentration in (E)-cinnamaldehyde of C. zeylanicum essential oil. Results obtained in the present study indicate the possibility of exploiting Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential to preserve wagashi from Fusarium and Penicillium contamination.

Previous studies have shown that the physiochemical properties of urine could change after ingestion of medicinal plants, and may provide significant clinical and diagnostic information. This study examined the urinary profile of healthy subjects who consumed Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) infusion. Urine samples were obtained from 105 participants at days 0, 10 and 30 after treatment with infusions prepared from 2, 4 and 8g of C. citratus powder. Biochemical analyses of the urine to determine its chemical constituents were performed using standard procedures. Results obtained on days 10 and 30 were compared with baseline values. UV and UF increased in all groups. Urinary excretion of some electrolytes (Na⁺ and K⁺) and DA increased at day 10 only, whereas others (Ca²⁺ and Cl^-) increased at both days 10 and 30. USG and colour remained unchanged. Urinary creatinine levels significantly increased (p<0.05) in all groups, whereas urinary urea significantly (p<0.05) increased in all groups except the group treated with 8g for 30 days. Urine uric acid and pH decreased in all groups. Urinary protein, glucose, bilirubin and bicarbonate were undetected. Ingestion of C. citratus infusion is associated with some physiochemical changes in urinary composition and could provide significant clinical information on the systemic effects of the plant in humans.

The ligand, 2-methyl-1,3-oxazole-4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HL) was synthesized by reacting equimolar amounts of thiosemicarbazide with the corresponding aldehyde. The synthesized ligand was reacted with Ni(II) and Co(II) chlorides in the 2:1 mole ratio of ligand: metal. These led to the isolation of two new complexes, namely [Ni(HL)2]Cl2 (1), [Co(L)2].1.3Cl (2), the ligand and its metal(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic methods, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structural studies of the ligand and their corresponding metal complexes 1, 2 revealed that: The free ligand exist in the thione form and remain as neutral tridentate with NNS donor atoms in the complex (1) but in the complex (2) the HL acted as uninegative tridentate ligand, beside Presence of uncoordinated chloride ions in the cavities of the crystal lattice of the complex (2). One of these chlorides is hydrogen bonded to a proton of the amine of the ligand. The coordination environment of Ni(II) and Co(II) metal complexes 1, 2, has a distorted octahedral structure. The oxazole N and S atoms in the two complexes are cis to each other whereas the azomethine N atoms are trans coordinated. The ligand and its metal complexes were tested for their in vitro biological activity against seven standard microorganisms: two Gram positive namely Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus, and one Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and four fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast), Candida maltosa, Mucor spec., and Aspergillus niger, at a concentration 100µg/ml. The results showed that the ligand HL and its Ni(II) Co(II) complexes appear inhibition activity for Mucor spec. only.

10 parental lines of cowpea were crossed and evaluated to determine the genetic behaviour of days to flowering and maturity traits through a full diallel analysis. In all, there were 45 crosses, 45 reciprocals and 10 parents to make a total of 100 entries which were evaluated in two locations, Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, and College of Education Demonstration Secondary School Farm in the early season of 2011 using a Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. Data were collected on plant height, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, and days to 50% podding. Results showed that there were significant differences among the entries (p<0.05) for all traits studied. The mean for days to 50% flowering ranged between 50.07 and 51.73 days, days to pod maturity varied from 58.77 to 64.24 days. The hybrid lines exhibited the earliest flowering and pod maturity traits among the entries. General Combining Ability (GCA) for most of the traits were significant. Only days to pod maturity were not significant for Specific Combining Ability (SCA) among the traits. P1, P4, P5 and P6 are identified to be the best general combiners for most of the characters while P1 x P4, P1 x P6, P4 x P2 and P9 x P5 are excellent specific combiners for earliness traits. Mid-parents heterosis (%) was high (280.47%) among the crosses and reciprocals. The ratio of GCA to SCA ranged from less than 1 for flowering intervals to 48 for days to 50% flowering which underscores the importance of additive effect and suggesting that reasonable progress can be made using selection procedure.

The Objectives of this study were to determine the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities and heterosis of some cotton genotypes for yield, its components and fiber traits using line × tester mating design. Thirteen parents (ten lines and three testers) alongwith their thirty F1 crosses were studied in randomized complete block Design (RCBD) with three replications during 2016 at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Kafr El- Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. Based on line x tester analysis, the variances due to genotypes, parents, crosses and parent vs cross exhibited significant differences (P<0.01) for most yield, yield component and fiber traits. The variances due to GCA of lines and testers, and SCA of line x tester interactions were highly significant for most studied traits, indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions in controlling these traits. The proportional contribution of line × tester was higher than individual contribution of lines and testers for most studied traits. The estimates of GCA and SCA effects revealed that the parents and some crosses were having desirable and significantly GCA and SCA effects, respectively. High mean performances and desirable GCA effects values were observed of lines Pima S6, Suvin, G.90, Aust. 12 and tester C.B.58 for most investigated traits, hence these parents can be used for generating superior cotton hybrids Significant correlation coefficients (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in positive direction were obtained between all possible pairs of F1 hybrids mean, SCA and heterosis. The best values of mean performances, SCA effects and heterosis were found in the combinations Suvin x G.86 and Aus.12 x C.B.58 for most yield and yield components, and the G.90 x C.B.58 and G.95 x G.86 for fiber traits. These crosses are considered the promising crossed to be used in breeding programs for produce hybrid cotton and improvement for these traits in Egypt.

In most of the developing countries including Pakistan and Indonesia, English is used as a foreign language. It continues to be one of the teaching subjects at school level, and the teaching of this language has a dominating influence over the whole structure of the educational system. There is a need to strengthen the background of students at basic Elementary as well Secondary level regarding teaching of English. The use of ELT (English Language Teaching) resources may enhance the second language learning in students. The objectives of the study are; 1) to find out the availability of resources in English teaching in Pakistan and Indonesia 2) to explore the utilization of available resources in teaching of English in Pakistan and Indonesia 3) to investigate the use of A.V. Aids in English language teaching in Pakistan and Indonesia 4) to make a comparison of the availability and utilization of available resources in teaching English in Pakistan and Indonesia. The present study was aimed at the comparison of the Secondary Schools ELT resources and its effective utilization in Pakistan and Indonesia. The study used the mixed method approach (quantitative and qualitative) to get the results. The researchers collected 200 teachers and 40 students as a sample of study from different provinces of Pakistan and Indonesia. The researchers developed questionnaire for teachers and structured interview for students. The researchers personally visited the target sample and administered it. For comparison, statistical techniques of mean and standard deviation were used. The findings of the study revealed that Indonesian English teachers are more equipped with latest tools than the Pakistani English teachers. Indonesian teachers have the facility of internet; on the other hands Pakistani teachers have not. The study concluded that due to the use of ELT resources, student feel more interest in the classroom as well as it saves teachers’ time and energy.

The Objective of the study was to compare the % maximal heart rate achieved by the subjects at the end of each test to verify whether or not % maximal heart rate achieved by post 6 minute step test is more than 6 minute walk test 6MWT and 6MST were performed according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines. Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Heart Rate and %Maximal Heart Rate were measured and recorded. The Cross Sectional Observational Study performed on Local Football Club , Pune. The heart rate post 6MWT increased significantly but within normal range (p <0.04).The mean % MHR pre-test was 38% and post-test was 42%. The heart rate post 6MST increased significantly too but within normal range. The mean %MHR pre-test was 37% and post-test was 47%. (p <0.01). As there is a significant increase in the %MHR post 6 minute step test in football players, it can be concluded that the two tests i.e. 6 minute walk test and 6 minute step test are not interchangeable in the following population. This also concludes that the 6 minute step test can be used to increase the cardiovascular endurance in Football Players.

The UV photofragment spectrum of the dication sandwich complex Ca(Benzene)2]2+ had been recorded in the gas phase using a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. From the DFT calculations, the optimised C2 and C2v conformers of Ca(Benzene)2]2+ were confirmed. Methane activation with calcium benzene dication complex ion resulted in the formation of methane calcium benzene dication complex ion [Ca(Benzene)2CH4]2+ and methane calcium benzene mono-cation [Ca(Benzene)CH4]+. The calculated charge on the metal centre was reduced by 40% in the optimised geometry of [Ca(Benzene)2CH4]2+ as compared to the charge of +2 assumed on Ca metal in the PEC calculation. The DFT calculated result reveal that the binding energy of methane to the metal dication complex ion was 13.28% lower compare to the value obtained on the PEC model.

Polyaniline salts were synthesized via chemical polymerization and are subjected to ultrasonic waves of 3 MHz. The physicochemical parameters like density, viscosity and compressibility parameters were measured and their effect on ultrasound has been extensively studied. Solvent properties and the spectroscopic properties such as ?max, frequency shifts have been correlated. A study of effect of ultrasonic waves on the organic acid doped PAni has also been attempted.

The water budget, constituent budget and flushing model of Oguta Lake were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), digital meters and standard equations. Results revealed that the total annual water inflow into the lake is about 29,461,800m3 while the total annual outflow is about 13,476,300m3 which implies a water storage of 16,185,500m3/year. The investigation further revealed that about 87.6% of the total water inflow into the lake comes from channel flow from Rivers Njaba, Utu and Awbana while about 70.2% of the water outflow is from channel outflow. Similarly, there seems to be continuous loading of constituents into the lake but at a very low rate; the low loading rate is actually attributed to the moderately high flushing rate of constituents in the lake. Total alkalinity has the highest loading rate (0.40 mgl-1/year) while phosphate has the lowest (0.003 mgl-1/year). The results also showed that the highest annual maximally flushed constituent in the lake is bicarbonate while the lowest is magnesium. The lake witnessed low influx of nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and dissolved silica) during the study period thus indicating low level of eutrophication. Excessive flushing rate can cause nutrient imbalance and this can alter the resource status and usefulness of the lake. In conclusion, the constituent budget and flushing model of the Oguta lake are therefore favorable for water supply , irrigation activities and fisheries development.