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Panchayath Raj is not a new phenomenon in the country. Its illustration in history goes back to more than 1000 years. Panchyati Raj Institutions have always been considered as a means to good governance and 73rd Constitutional Amendment was effected in the hope that it would lead to better governance and provide political space to the disadvantaged section of the society like schedule caste, schedule tribes and women. The present study was an effort to know the extent of participation of Dalit women elected representative in Panchayath and the problems faced by them. Purposive sampling technique was adopted consisting of 60 respondents from Bantwal Talluk. A pretested, semi structured questionnaire was administered and data were analysed by using percentages and proportions. The findings of the study revealed that Self Help Groups are the major inspiration and determinant factor for the membership in Panchayath Raj institutions. The respondents opined neither the reservation for women nor their actual presence in the Panchayath has become any more sensitive to the problems related to the village women. Most of the women were elected for the first time so they can yet to gain more political experience. A majority of the respondents revealed that financial assistance is a necessary ingredient for their self esteem, their independent functioning and their committed concern and approach to the needs and urges of the people of the area. Bringing women into power is not only a matter of equity, of correcting an unjust and unrepresentative system political restructuring is the key to economic growth with justice. The training of women Panchayath members should be based on their own local experiences and elicit their involvement in preparing a framework that will enable them to analyse and understand their roles and responsibilities in accordance with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

This paper deals with demand prediction by combining basic exponential smoothening with Markov based algorithm. This demand prediction is suitable for novel and minimum shelf life products and is suited for small scale retailers and manufacturers, since for them acquisition of costly software tools is out of their financial reach. This paper attempts to arrive at predicting a fixed value of demand which will enhance the profit. The Exponential smoothing process involves comparing the latest observation with the previous weighted average and making a proportional adjustment, governed by the coefficient ?, known as the smoothing constant. By convention we constrain the coefficient to the range, so that only a part of the difference between the old mean and the new observation is used in the updating, 0<?<1.Initially demand is predicted by using basic exponential smoothing for two successive months and error of demand for each day is estimated. Markov based algorithm is then applied for these errors and the steady state probability is then determined for each state. The demand corresponding to the state with maximum probability is taken as the optimum one and the corresponding profit is estimated. This concept is then implemented for a baked product and the annual savings for a particular product is then established.

This paper is based on a real time embedded system using ARM7 processor LPC2138 to build a system that helps in achieving remote monitoring of patient's physiological parameters such as Body Temperature, Pulse Rate, Oxygen Saturation in blood and Electronic Cardiogram. If any of the patient's parameters go out of the optimum limits of the human body then an alert SMS is sent to the doctor using a GSM interface and the buzzer is activated on the patient's side to alert the patient's caretaker. The system comprises of low cost transducers for acquiring the parameters and uses MATLAB software to build the GUI for displaying the ECG of the patient on a computer. This system eases the need to keep a patient requiring continuous monitoring at the hospital. The monitoring is achieved by allowing the patient to stay at home.

The variability of design parameters caused by material properties is a major challenge in designing microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS). The function of MEMSs is significantly influenced by this variability. We consider a thin-film resonator to show how the influence of scattering design parameters affect the behavior of the resonator. Here we used different material properties such as material density, poisson’s ratio, young’s modulus to analyse the performance of resonator

We are very happy to announce that from 20th January 2011, Dr. M.E.Rajasaravanan has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Ultra Sonics & Polymer. M.E.Rajasaravanan is currently working in Department of Physics, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem- 636 007, Tamilnadu, India. The appointment of M.E.Rajasaravanan as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org.
Sincerely
Editor-in-Chief

This paper deal with the ecology of anopheline mosquitoes in Tehsil Sironj and Lateri of district Vidisha. Mosquito sampling took place surface water in the tah. Sironj stream were collected at 2- week intervals during August 2007 to July 2008. During the survey, it was noticed that permanent breeding ground such as ditches, cesspool, sewas, ponds and dam where same breeding ground where mosquito species laele there x qulex and aides mosquito breeds in polluted water all transmission water where they can with strand desiccation it was also noted that varies mosquito species used the same water bodies over a period of time.

This paper describes an experimental investigation to clarify flexural cracking behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The effects of thickness of concrete cover of tension reinforcement on the crack width were carefully investigated. It was found that flexural crack width proportionally increases with increase in thickness of concrete cover. To control these crack widths and to enhance durability, different codes prescribes limiting crack width based on environment in which the structure exists. The latest revision of the Indian code stresses the importance of durability and has introduced formulae to calculate the crack widths. A simple formula involving the clear cover and calculated stress in reinforcement at service load has been included in latest revision of ACI code. A total six under reinforced beams with varying concrete cover (25 mm and 30mm) were fabricated and tested. Data presented include the deflection characteristics and cracking behavior. The experiment results compare reasonably well with the current codes of practice. It was observed that a beam with less concrete cove (25mm) reduces the flexural crack width.

Purpose: the purpose of this study was Study of effectiveness social skills training on addiction potential reduction in boy’s student of Ahvaz high school. Method: The sample consists of All high school boy’s students in Ahvaz who had scored one standard deviation above the mean in the zargari addiction potential questionnaire and among them 40 students were selected randomly then assigned to two groups randomly (Experimental group and Control group). 8 sessions therapy were implemented for experimental group. In these sessions, social skills, such as assertiveness skills, anger control, and how to communicate with others in the experimental group were instructed but the control group received no intervention. Evaluation device was zargari addiction potential questionnaire.

The internal controls had been an important part if business operations ever since economic activities became large scale to prevent company losses through errors, theft and embezzlement. Internal control are designed to detect fraud before its too late. The general objective of this study would be to determine the effects of internal control systems on fraud detection in Somali commercial banks. Also this study would use a sample of five commercial banks in Mogadishu, namely, Salaam Somali Bank, Dahabshil Bank, Trust African Bank, International Bank of Somalia and premier Bank. Specifically, this study would be evaluating the effects of establishment of responsibilities, segregation of duties, documentation procedures and physical controls on fraud detection in Somali commercial banks. Also this study would use the framework established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commision known shortly as COSO Framework. The study would adopt a descriptive study design in data collection. The target population of this study would be 240 people located at headquarters of the commercial banks. This study would use the stratified random sampling technique. The data collection procedure of this study was through hand picking. The study would use quantitative data collection method whereby data will be gathering by the use of close ended questionnaires which were self administrated. The study would make use of the statistical Package for Social Science (version 20) with hand printed worksheets and Microsoft Excel 2007. To analyse the data regression model would be applied and statistical inference would be made from the output of this procedure. The major findings of this study was that there was a positive relationship between establishment of responsibilities, segregation of duties, documentation process and physical controls and fraud detection of the Commercial Banks in Somalia. The study further recommend the need for the Commercial Banks in Somalia to increase their establishment of responsibility, segregation of duties, documentation procedures, physical controls as it was founded that those variables had positively affects the fraud detection of Commercial Banks in Somalia.

Ziziphus Spina Christi Extract (ZSCE) was tested as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in 0.5 M HCl using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurements. Surface morphology was tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of Al in 0.5 M HCl with and without different concentrations of plant extract was studied at temperatures of 298 and 318 K. Inhibition efficiency of 85.7% was achieved with 500 ppm ZSCE at 298 K. It is evident from the results obtained that ZSCE inhibits the corrosion in 0.5 M HCl through adsorption process following Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in extract concentration but decreased with raising temperatures. The mixed mode of action exhibited by the extract was confirmed by the polarization studies while SEM analysis substantiated the formation of protective layer over the Al surface. The values of inhibition efficiency obtained from different techniques are in good agreement.