Archives-December 

Empirical studies on the short run and long run effects of the exchange rates on trade balance are classified in two groups. First group have used the overall level of foreign trade data between one country and the world, and second one (including this study and recent studies) have employed bilateral trade data between a country and its major trading partners. The present paper by using Auto Regressive Distribution Lags (ARDL) and annually data during time period 1979-2006 has analyzed the presence of J curve between Iran and selected European trading partners including France, Germany and Switzerland. The results obtained shows that the bilateral J curve hypothesis is confirmed in the short run but there is no evidence to support for the hypothesis in the long run. So, based on the results, the hypothesis is not completely confirmed. It’s mentionable that regarding to and tests, all coefficients are stable.

Alive freshwater fishes Channa punctatus and C. striatus were collected from freshwater bodies of Cauvery delta and their s parameters were thoroughly studied. RBC and WBC count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit were showed slight fluctuation. The range of different in biochemical parameter of these species are RBC 3.29 ? 106 to 3.42 ? 106/cumm; WBC 4.3 ? 103 to 4.6 ?103/cumm; Hb 9.37 to 10.84 g/dl; PVC 34.42 to 36.14 %/dl; MCV 104.62 to 105.67 ?m3, MCH 24.09 to 28.48 Pg/dl; MCHC 27.22 to 29.99 g/dl. The serum protein, albumin and cholesterol were found to be slightly higher value in C. punctatus than C. striatus. The globulin and triglycerides showed elevated level in C. striatus. The average values of protein content showed higher value when compared to cholesterol and glucose. The present study suggested that these fishes are important sources of animal protein and good for human health.

Mother's milk is ideal for infants, it is safe and contains all the necessary nutrients, antibodies that protect the baby from common children illnesses. Exclusively breastfeeding of infants and continuing the breastfeeding until the second year of life provides the child with quality nutrition and can prevent the lack of nutrients, malnutrition and their consequences. We can see the need for education on breastfeeding and promotion of breastfeeding, which gives importance to healthcare workers for education and prevention of early stopping of breastfeeding. The study included 100 respondents in the Canton, 50 primiparea (pregnant women expecting the first child) and 50 respondents who were multiparas. The study was designed as an observation – transient study and lasted from April to July 2016. It was done using a CDC questionnaire. The research was conducted in the Public Health Institute for the Health Protection of Women and Maternity of Sarajevo Canton at Vogosca. There is a statistically significant difference in the knowledge of primipara and multiparas about the length of breastfeeding according to WHO recommendations, ?2=13,827; p=0.001. Multipare have better knowledge. The most frequent sources of information about breastfeeding in both examined groups were the experiences of other mothers, ?2=0.186; p=0.666. After the research we have found that there is a certain number of subjects who do not have enough breastfeeding education. The fact that the majority of respondents considered the most reliable source of information on breastfeeding the experience of other mothers and family members emphasized the need to create new promotional projects on the importance of breastfeeding by health professionals.

Variation is an important mathematical physics method in mathematical physics problem. Many physical problems are always concerned with variation, and they can be solved by extremum of functional. We can obtain physical laws by way of variation calculus, such as the solution of problems of central field and electromagnetic field. By application of calculus of variation, the motion of matter can be unified.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the different perspectives of the roles played by the maquiladora in Central America as a lever of economic growth and social development in the region. Maquiladoras are industries that import materials and equipment, perform assembly or manufacturing processes, then re-export the finished goods to other countries. After a brief historical review of the maquiladoras emergence in the Central America region, the context is analyzed to underline the legal regime of temporal import and legal regime of managerial oriented free zone or fiscal precinct. Afterwards, the impacts that the maquiladoras have had in the regional economic growth and employment generation under the variable of the Asian competence is analyzed. After the discussion, prospective scenarios are analyzed and several strategies are recommended, including the promoting and creation of maquiladoras that go beyond the competitive advantage of cheap human labor. The Central America countries must design and implement strategies of diversification of the maquiladora development process in industrial sectors that require greater added value and technological innovation.

Pulverized leaves of red and yellow varieties of Caesalpina pulcherrima yielded 0.50 and 0.52% v/w of essential oils on hydrodistillation. GC and GC-MS analyses of the oils revealed the presence of fifty eight and fifty three compounds in the oil of red and yellow varieties respectively. Percentage compositions of oxygenated monoterpenes in the oil of red and yellow varieties were 70.4 and 85.1%. Sesquiterpenes constituted 28.8% of the leaf oil of red variety, while 5.1% of the oil of yellow variety was sesquiterpenes. The principal constituents of the oil of red variety were; ?-terpinene (44.4%), germacrene B (14.3%), myrcene (5.6%), allo-ocimene (5.9%), ?-caryophylene (5.1%) and ?-pinene (4.2%). Major compounds identified in the oil of yellow variety were; citronellal (58.0%), geranial (17.5%), ?-caryophylene (5.1%), linalool (2.5%) and ?-terpineol (2.3%). With the abundance of ?-terpinene and citronellal in the oils of red and yellow varieties, the oils are of ?-terpinene and citronellal chemotypes respectively.

The concept of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) in machine tool evolved at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA between the year 1947 to 1952 for the manufacture of complex & accurate helicopter blades. Since then, this technology has been applied to many different types of machines & machine tools. Now a days the CNC machines have found adoption of by many industries. They have become virtually indispensible in many manufacturing industries because of their many advantages and easy management & reliability. In the face of stiff competition, higher cost of labour & higher rejection of parts, CNC machines proved to be a boon for any manufacturing industry, be it a metal cutting industry, metal forming industry & any other manufacturing industry. Now a days no industrialist can think of putting up an industry without CNC machines, such are their importance & advantages. Talking of Cellular Manufacturing Systems, where a cell of machine tools & other facilities like job movement arrangement etc are created to process a machine part or component from the input of raw material to the finished part. One cannot think of designing such a cell without any CNC machine . CNC machines are part & parcel of Cellular Manufacturing Systems. Rather, they form the backbone of Cellular Manufacturing Sytems.

The British colonial administration used the divide and rule system, thereby making sure that no part of Nigeria is seen as an integral part of the other. The indirect rule system worked only in Northern Nigeria, while protests characterized the system in the Eastern and Western parts of Nigeria. Indeed the warrant chiefs who became symbols of authority in Eastern Nigeria maintained stability in the country before Independence. Another feature, which characterized this period, was regionalism. This was the system in practice during the First Republic. It was based on the ability of each Region for compete autonomously for economic sustenance, but in reality, this was not feasible. Therefore, in 1966, the military overthrew the first democratically elected government of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Belewa. Thus, between General Aguiyi Ironsi and General Abdusalam Abubakar, the Military stayed in power for abut thirty-three years. This period was characterized by massive underdevelopment and human rights abuses. This paper therefore reviews this era of military interventions and their consequences to the Nigeria social and political climate.

The study was conducted to determine the level of contamination of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) meat with p,p- DDT, p,p-DDE, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, lindane (?-HCH) and ?- HCH, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, alpha-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, chlordane, heptachlor and methoxychlor. The paper reports the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in the meat of 15 grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus ) samples obtained from the Gomoa district, a vegetable farming area in the Central Region of Ghana. The results indicated that all the analyzed samples were contaminated with the studied organochlorine pesticides. Aldrin and heptachlor were the principal contaminants in all the samples. The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues detected in all the meat samples were below the accepted maximum residue limits (MRL), as adopted by the WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Present paper is an important study for constructing magic squares of odd orders. This magic squares have been formed using the properties of Latin squares. Here, reduced Latin square is used and it is formulated by using the cyclic shifting method with the entries (????, ????,...., ????) (????(????- ????),.... ???? power ???? ).This work has been generalized for magic square of order ???? power ????, when ???? is odd and ???? by using the mathematical formula ?????????(???????????? ???? power ????): ????= ????, ????,..., ???? power ????. The method is tested for ????, ???? power ???? and ????.