Archives-December 

The optimal expansion of rocket nozzle has been occasionally attained due to the variation of altitude as the ambient pressure of these altitudes decreases with increase in altitude. Optimal gas expansion occurs only at a particular altitude when the nozzle’s exit pressure (Pe) is equal to the ambient pressure (Pa) of that altitude. There are special altitude adoptable nozzles such as aerospike nozzles, expansion-deflection nozzles and others designed for optimal gas expansion as the altitude increases. However, these nozzles adds weight to the rocket and are expensive for production. This study has been conducted with an experimental Rocket nozzle designed and developed by NSS (Nair Service Society) College of Engineering Palakkad-Kerala, India using computational fluid dynamics to determine the effect of varying the combustion chamber pressure to balance the nozzle exit pressure to the ambient pressure as the rocket ascends in altitudes. From the results obtained, it was observed that there is a conformance of up to twenty three (23) kilometers using the nozzle understudy for which further variation in combustion chamber pressure developed subsonic flows and shock waves in the divergent section of the nozzle. Further analysis showed that the total mass of propellant consumed was 36% per stage engine less than most conventional method of launching rockets engines to orbits. This method of variation of chamber pressure to balance the nozzle exit pressure with the ambient pressure provides potentials for reduction in energy consumption of a rocket.

Naturalness as a main inseparable feature of literary texts may be exposed to some mistranslations or misunderstandings from the part of the translators during the act of translation. A major issue is probably the level of the difficulty of the source text. There is a sever lack of research on the impact of text difficulty on translation naturalness at the micro level with regard to the formal and dynamic equivalents. Accordingly, the current study as an initial attempt in Iran aimed at examining the common elements of word and sentence pertinent to text difficulty and translation naturalness. To this end, the researcher aimed at finding out the relationship between formal and dynamic equivalents for simple and difficult texts. A pool of 86 students participated in the study to serve as the source of data. Having assessed the students’ performances on the tests based on Nida’s criteria, the researcher found a moderate correlation for formal and dynamic equivalents with regard to the simple texts and a strong correlation for formal and dynamic equivalents with regard to the difficult texts. Finally, some implications for translator teachers and syllabus designers were recommended.

A new integral transform similar to Laplace and Sumudu transforms is introduced, to explain the use of Tarig transform in differential equations, an example of first and second order linear differential equations are presented. In this work we show that the applicability of this interesting new transform its very efficiency to solving differential equations with constant coefficients.

Traumatic shoulder dislocation in Child is a very rare injury. The treatment and the recurrence rate are differents then adult. We report a case of shoulder dislocation in a 9 years old judoka.

The primary responsibility of the principal in a school set up is to facilitate effective teaching and learning with the overall mission of enhancing students’ achievement. Instructional leadership provided by the principal has been identified as a contributing factor to higher student achievement. This study was guided by the following objective: to establish the principals’ role in supervision of curriculum and its effect on academic performance. This study was anchored on Hackman and Walton’s Functional Leadership Theory (1986) which addresses how specific leader behaviors contribute to organizational and leadership effectiveness. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methodology. The researchers sampled 20 (67 %) out of the total thirty schools in the region. Census sampling technique was used to select one extra county boys’ school, one extra county girls’ school, one county girls’ boarding school, one sub county girls’ day school and purposive sampling technique was used to pick sixteen other secondary schools from the categories of county mixed day/boarding and sub-county mixed day schools. The findings indicated that Most principals believed that the instructional practices of the principals impacted positively on academic performance of their schools. Most of them also facilitated acquisition of instructional materials, and helped in organizing the teaching timetable and school routine, which qualified them as instructional leaders.

The inefficaciousness and ethical deficiency of the current “Islamic” financial industry is well known. Taking a diachronic approach whilst resorting to scriptural reasoning, historical evidence and inductive rationale, the author suggests two prerequisites for Islamic financing. The paper is concluded with five scenarios that are in the author’s view, sine qua nons as far as Islamic financing is concerned.

Water is literally the source of life on earth. The human body is 70 percent water. The study examined water resources and sustainable development in Northern Kenya in Isiolo District. Residents of Isiolo formed the target population. Cluster sampling was used to select villages which are more affected by scarcity of water. The study used survey design. The analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. The study found that inadequate water resource supply has been hindrance to the Tourism Development in the region particularly in Isiolo District and the Southern parts of Garissa District. Secondly, inadequate water resource supply in the region has limited employment opportunities in the area this explains the low income per capita of people in this region. In addition, their standard of living, income generation, labor efficiency, employment extra is rather low, because agricultural productivity industrial development is both in adequate due to water constraint in the area. Water scarcity has been a source of conflict in the study area. The overstocking as well as water scarcity in the area and also the nomadic pastoralist nature of the people of this region has resulted in constant migration of people with their animals from one district to another. However, despite the aridity nature of this area, some limited agricultural activities is possible mainly through irrigation. The paper recommends that the use of water harvesting technologies that are sustainable and environmental friendly should be given priority in both surface and ground water development; incentives to adopt roof catchments water supply should be encouraged and cost - sharing policy in water sector to meet both development and recurrent votes should be encouraged to reduce the budgetary constraints by the government.

Sri Lankan historiography relating to immigrant plantation worker community under colonialism in the 19th century has so far failed to examine the inner complexity of strategies of labour management. This historiography tends to emphasize institutional developments in the plantation sector as and overall process of modernization where the colonial state and the British planters combined to provide better social, health and sanitation facilities for the welfare of the immigrant workers. Women were looked upon as machines of reproduction that would serve the long term labour requirements of the plantations while at the same time providing cheaper female and child labour.

The concept of life style is one of characteristic of the modern world and modernity. Those who live in the modern societies use the concept of life style to describe their actions and others. The life style is meant by choosing the routine life. Thus unlike the traditional societies in which people had lived replaced and little alternative. In contemporary society Due to its importance personal responsibility and the rise of consumer society has more choices in life. This study sought to examine some social factors related to lifestyle and consumer culture. The methodology is survey and questionnaire is to collect information. The study populations of women 30-18 years old living in the city of Kermanshah (Iran), in this study, 274 people a quota sampling method were selected as samples. According to the results, there are significant relations between the cultural capital, media consumption, age and lifestyle. Multivariate analysis showed that the four independent variables, cultural, media consumption, age and social comparison, 42 percent put together have been able to explain changes in the dependent variable.

The urachus is developmentally the upper part of the bladder, both being derived from the ventral cloaca. This part of the bladder narrows more, but retains in miniature. It is then known as the urachus. The urachus shares in the post-partum descent of the bladder, and in the adult is a cone-shaped structure passing up from the bladder apex, and attached to the umbilicus only by adventitial bands derived from the umbilical arteries which it has pulled down in its descent. Like the bladder it has a peritoneal and an extra-peritoneal surface and has the transversalis fascia on its outer and the peritoneum on its inner surface. The lumen of the urachus remains patent throughout life, though it may be plugged in places by masses of epithelial cells which have peeled or come off in scales from the walls of its canal.