Archives-December 

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. ripened fruit pulp of extract was investigated and the effect of broth concentration in reduction mechanism and particle size is reported. The rapid reduction of silver (Ag+) ions was monitored using UV-visible spectrophotometer and showed formation of silver nanoparticles within 20 minutes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are varied from 10-25 nm and have the varying in shapes like spherical, round uneven. Further the XRD analysis confirms the nano-crystalline phase of silver with FCC crystal structure. FTIR examinations confirms the Silver particles. The present study, it was found that the increasing broth concentration increases the rate of reduction and decreases the particle size.

Single crystals of pure Zinc Tris-thiourea Chloride (ZTC) and L-alanine- doped ZTC were grown from aqueous solutions by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals have been subjected to single crystal x-ray diffraction to determine the unit cell dimensions. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra has been recorded in the range 400-4500 cm-1. Morphological alterations have been observed when L-alanine was doped into ZTC crystals. UV-Visible spectrum shows that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. The grown crystals were also subjected to other characterizations such as micro hardness, thermal and NLO studies.

An equestrian sport is one of the interesting outdoor activities. This sport is one of the expensive co-curricular activities but the benefits are undeniable either to normal people or disable. The purpose of this study is to enlighten on the advantages that we get from participating in this sports, in terms of health, personal skills and even horses were used as a medium to help people with disabilities. This co-curricular activities also can help us to improve our skills either generic skills or technical skills.

Brexit is a fact and Bulgarian political scientists are left to answer the question, how EU after Brexit should be communicated to citizens and especially to students. What will the impact be in the spheres of politics and economic. There is a need for political changes on our everyday life and the need of mor? solidarity, cons?nsus and compromis? in political d?cision making. Events such as Br?xit ar? n?w in th? ?U Studi?s. One way to analyze them better in class is with the stud?nts engaging in th? act of "making politics". This chapter explains the chall?ng?s faced by political scientists which is to ?nsur? that th? stud?nts will b? provid?d with th? n?c?ssary toolset to pr?par? th?m to b? activ? European and global citiz?ns.

Like almost every other writer, Virginia Woolf and Hélène Cixous were also products of their respective times and cultures, and had their own ideologies as to how to ‘liberate’ women through writing. Writing apart by about fifty years, both of these European writers have felt for and contributed to the cause of women upliftment. This submission evaluates their stances in terms of their commonalities as well as differences. Though, their prime concern, fight and hopes remain the same – emancipation of women and her writing, both standing free against the shackles of patriarchy. A Room of One’s Own, often called the ‘Feminist Bible’ stresses largely on economic independence and privacy as crucial pre-requisites for a woman-artist to be able to write fiction of any merit, rising beyond psychological obstacles. Cixous in “The Laugh of the Medusa” employs a more revolutionary tone, asking for women to bring their bodies, hearts and minds into speech and writing. Women must shatter the framework of institutions, blow up the law and re-define truth. Only then, the dreaded Medusa, on closer inspection, will appear both, beautiful as well as laughing.

The main objective of the study is to assess the nature, magnitude and extent of the environmental and social impacts of the conflict in swat valley. Current study is conducted in order to assess the damage done to the social lives of the local population and to local environment. For this purpose number of field visits was conducted in the area and two sampling campaigns were done in wet and dry seasons. Surface and Ground water samples were collected in dry and wet seasons from the affected villages in order to determine the damage done to water quality due to the conflict. Soil samples were collected from six different villages in the Mata district of Swat Pakistan. Six different impact points of bombing were selected which were still undisturbed by the local residence. Total of 270 questioners were also filled on the basis of 94% confidence level and 6 % error from the six selected villages. The negative impacts of military operation on the social lives of local residents were very much evident from the current study. Environment has also paid its price in term of burned forest and decrease in local wild life but overall the water and soil quality is not been disturbed and no traces of TNT were found in the soil and water.

An impact of floor levels and geological formation on the concentrations of indoor radon and its progeny studied inside 8 hospitals, and for three floor levels: ground, first and second. Locations of the selected hospitals had different geological formation and located in three main governorates: Erbil, Duhok and Sulaymaniya. Nuclear track detector type CR-39 (CR-39NTDs) used to measure track density of alpha particles that emitted from radon and its progeny. During spring season, 72 pair of exposure chambers (open-close chamber) equipped with 144 pieces of CR-39NTDs installed inside 24 rooms for three floors. After 90 day of exposure, exposed detectors etched in 6N NaOH at 70 ?C for 10 h. The highest and lowest radon concentration was in the hospitals of Shaheed Aso (Sulaymaniya city: 71.09±4.32 Bq.m^-3) and  Erbil Teaching ( Erbil city : 48.02±3.77Bq.m^-3) .This depended on the geological formation, type of building material, and the floor level. Therefore, the results showed that the average radon concentration and annual effective dose decreases gradually as the floor level increases. The highest and lowest of annual effective dose was found in ground and second floor, respectively. Thus, according to the annual exposure dose data, the workers are safety in most of the hospitals. More details about the type of building materials of the hospitals are listed in full paper.

This paper discusses the results of a study that was conducted to investigate the income smoothing behavior in differences industries. Eckel’s Income Smoothing Index (1981) is used to determine the presence of artificial income smoothing behavior. The descriptive statistics are used to develop a profile of the sampled companies. Then the univariate test is conducted to investigate any significant systematic differences between companies that smooth their reported income and companies that do not. Finally, this study use logistics regression to investigate the factors associated with income smoothing practices.Results shows that industrial and technology companies smooth income more than other types of industries. The findings also indicate that income smoothers tend to be large companies with high ownership control.

The corporate sector is built for making profit any how and this tendency leads them for breach in regulation and norms. Bhopal gas tragedy (BGT) is burning example of it which was widely regarded as the World’s worst ever industrial disaster in human history. It was a corporate crime of historic proportions. Actually Globalisation has opened the door for every nation and almost every nation depends upon another for one or another reason. Technology transfer is one of the examples of dependency. Any fault in technology either or along with human error become cause of such disaster in which human and humanity both suffer generations to generations. Strange are ways of law. Ironically, Indian law system is not capable of handling corporate criminals where masses are to be compensated for loss of life, health and property. At least verdict of CJM Court (Bhopal) on Bhopal Tragedy, attesting this statement. So we need international approach. This paper is a humble attempt to match the essential elements of Crimes against Humanity with facts of Bhopal Gas Tragedy where recklessness, continous gross negligence could be apparently seen. If it is matched then it should be considered as corporate crimes against humanity.