Archives-December 

In this paper we introduced the concept of fuzzy g- super closed and explore various properties fuzzy topological space.

Achklun and Amgala are located in the North and South of Abéché, region of Ouaddaï (Eastern Chad). In Achklun and Amgala crop out, granites which are cross cut by diaclases and veins. Petrographic investigation of rocks shows that granites are of two types: (1) fine grains biotite granites constituted of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase biotite andopaque minerals and (2) coarse grains amphibole biotite-granites made up of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase biotite amphibole and opaque minerals. Structural feature investigated are diaclases and veins. Diaclases are observed in biotite granite and amplibole biotite-granite. They display NE-SW trend direction. Veins are observed in amplibole biotite-granite. They have granitic composition and pegmatitic texture. Veins display NE-SW dominant trend direction. The NE-SW trend direction suggests that their emplacement benefited from diaclase network. Geotechnical studies indicate that fine grains biotite granite is more resistant than amphibole biotite-granite. The resistant may vary from one station to another in the same rock type. This variation is due to mineral composition grain sizes and the intensity of fractures (diaclases). Base on field observations laboratory investigation the present work permitted to select the granite more adapted for various building.

Taxes as a reliable revenue source have always been taken in to consideration by governments. Tax imposition creates many disorders in economics but "green taxes" do not have such quality. Since the green tax is applied based on the cost and expense, they have a large scope and bring about good income for the government. Therefore, they can be replaced to other tax bases. On one hand, it reduces the effect of creating disorder by the other taxes; on the other hand, it increases the benefits of the society because of the reduction of the pollution. In this study, the effect of the green tax along with other influential variables on environment such as the index related to technology and GDP per capita, Population and degree of trade freedom on the amount of the pollutant, carbon dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and also the influence of these taxes on epi (Environmental Performace Index) was examined in 34 countries which were the members of OECD countries during the period (1995 to 2006) have been studied. The findings show that the imposition of such tax has caused the reduction of air pollution and the improvement of environment in the selected countries.

Chemical properties of groundwater resources were studied in the Kwahu South District of Ghana. The study used hydrochemical data employing a series of comprehensive data interpretation e.g. Bivariate plots, Schoeller and Piper diagram to obtain a better understanding of the system functioning. The physico-chemical parameters suggest that the groundwaters in the Kwahu South District are generally good for domestic use per World Health Organization (W.H.O) standards with the exception of boreholes from Nkyenenkyene (NKY and NKY 3) which have hydrogen sulphide problems. Stiff diagrams were superimposed on the map of the study area to display the area differences in water quality across the district. The following main hydrochemical processes were identified as factors controlling the chemistry of the groundwater system: dissolution, ion exchange, and reverse ion exchange. Three main hydrochemical facies were identified from the Piper diagram: Facies (I); Ca –HCO3, Facies (II); Na –HCO3 and Facies (III); Na–Cl. Three main hydrochemical groups were also identified by the Schoeller diagram: Group I, II, III. The groups identified by the Schoeller diagrams corresponded with the hydrochemical facies identified in the Piper Diagram respectively.

The nutritive and anti-oxidative properties of tea have made it the most widely consumed beverage in many parts of the world. Warm climatic conditions arising from high light intensity however, constitutes a major constraint to tea cultivation in South-Western Nigeria. Reduction in the Light Intensity (LI) is therefore, fundamental to the possible expansion of tea production in this zone. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different light intensities on growth, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids contents of two tea cultivars at two locations (Ibadan and Owena). The experiment was a factorial of eight treatments; Two tea cultivars (143 and 318), Four levels of light intensity-(25%=2.40x104lux, 45%=4.57x104lux, 65%=6.75x104lux and 100%=1.04x105lux: control). These were achieved by using sheds of 4, 2, 1 and 0 palm fronds layers, respectively. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. Data were collected on Number of Leaves (NL), Leaf Area (LA, cm2), Plant Height (PH, cm), leaf abscission as well as chlorophyll and carotenoids contents (mg/g). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at ?0.05. The result revealed that Cultivar 143 performed significantly better than 318 with 25.23±9.74NL, 665.93±297.54LA in Ibadan and 25.38±9.82NL, 898.23±670.34LA in Owena. Tea plants under 45 and 65% LI had higher NL, LA and PH compared to those grown under 25 and 100% LI in Ibadan and Owena. Highest leaf abscission (15.44±3.89 and 23.13±7.22 dropped leaves in Ibadan and Owena, respectively) was obtained in C143 under 100% LI; while the least (6.84±3.89 and 4.78±7.22 dropped leaves in Ibadan and Owena, respectively) was obtained in C318 under 45% LI. In Ibadan, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased from 1.11±0.83 and 0.30±0.15, respectively in C318 under 100% LI to 3.15±0.83 in C143 under 25% LI and 0.6±0.15 in C318 under 45% LI; while in Owena, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased from 1.05±0.87 and 0.29±0.30, respectively in C143 under 100% LI to 2.97±0.87 and 0.83±0.30 in C318 under 25% LI. Conclusively, light intensities of 45% (4.57x104lux ) - 65% (6.75x104lux) enhanced optimal vegetative growth, reduced leaf abscission, increased chlorophyll and carotenoids accumulation of tea cultivar 143 which was more adaptable to Ibadan and Owena, Southwest Nigeria.

In this paper we presented an analysis of Hamilton formulas. with Three Almost Complex Structures. We have reached important results in differential geometry that can be applied in theoretical physics

Handwritten digit recognition is challenging problem researchers had been research into this area for so long especially in the recent years. There are many fields concern with numbers e.g. checks in banks or recognizing numbers in car plates, the subject of digit recognition appears. The main objective is to recognize digits in different applications. E.g. different users had their own handwriting styles where the main challenge falls to let computer system understand these different styles and recognize them as standard writing. Neural network can be proving as an effective tool to solve such problem. Neural network uses various algorithms for learning and classification; such as Back Propagation Algorithm, feed forward etc.

Bone is essentially a heterogeneous system consisting of water, mineral and collagen which determine the physical properties of bone composite material. The decrease in bone weight was dose dependent after treatment with all the two salts of metal i.e. NiNO3 and NiSO4. Bone provides essential framework and rigidity to the body. The toxic substances affect the development of bone by impairing the availability of essential nutrients resulting in abnormal bone development and toxicity. The impact of nickel toxicity on bone of mice has been studied histochemically (under light and electron microscope) by using two nickel salts . Histopathologically, the necrosis to layers of decalcified bone i.e. periosteum, matrix and endosteum was observed with all two salts. The bone forming cells, lamellae and Haversian canals were also affected. The cortical width of bone section decreased as the dose of salts increased. These changes were also observed on samples of powdered dried bone of all groups with SEM. These changes were dose dependent and of the same order as mentioned above. The toxicity of nickel salts was in the order of NiSO4 > NiNO3 .

The objective of this work was to provide an iconographic and narrative review of the normal and pathological aspects of the hippocampus of the elderly subject in imaging. Know how to perform a routine 1.5 Tesla MRI hippocampal study. Recognize the main hippocampal anomalies during degenerative, infectious, vascular, inflammatory, tumor, toxic and metabolic Take home message: interest of MRI in the study of the tonsil-hippocampal regions. Know the basics of the Anatomy of the Hippocampus and the Limbic System. Recognize the main hippocampal anomalies, during degenerative, infectious, vascular, inflammatory, tumor, toxic and metabolic summary The hippocampus is a small brain structure, internal temporal, playing a primary role in the mechanisms of memory. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for the analysis of this structure. At the elderly, dementias represent the majority of causes of hippocampal abnormalities, especially atrophic, but other specific pathologies constitute differential diagnoses to be known in this population.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has now been used in all walks of lives and the introduction of this technology outside of Malaysia, especially in the developed countries has matured far more. Leaping towards this gap has made Malaysian leaders in the past saw the potential of ICT and the MSC project was the stepping stone to ensure that Malaysia will not be left out in this area with potential possibilities of changing the country’s economy. This viewpoint paper will discuss mostly on the human behavior and acceptance towards change to fulfill human capital. The importance of change is to ensure the organizational development is coping to business goal and competition. Challenges of human resource acceptance or rejections toward technology in general is somehow related to business goal, thus this paper will discuss the views from many research and articles related to the subject matter.