Archives-December  

The power dissipation in a system-level attributes to buses is increasing in VLSI circuits. Therefore reduce of power consumption in switching activity at the I/O ports can save significant save of power. Change of voltage level on the wires significant power consumptions. As the technology scaled down, the increased wire aspect ratio (height/width) reduce the spacing between individual bus wires. This resulted in the domination of coupling capacitance. There are so many techniques have been proposed to reduce the coupling activity along with the self-switching activity. Initially, Bus invert method can be applied to encode buses without prior knowledge of data statistics. Another encoding technique called “Sequence Switch Coding for low-power data transmission” (SSC) was proposed by Myungchul Yoon to minimize Self Transition activity in buses. Among the Bus Invert method and Sequence Switch Coding, the Bus Invert method has gained popularity because of its better energy reduction (upto25.45%). However, both Bus Inver and SSC bus encoding techniques reduce only self transitions and do not consider the effect of coupling transitions. Therefore, it is important to minimize the power dissipation and cross talk delay by minimizing the both self transitions and coupling transitions on bus for the fast and safe VLSI circuits. A new technique isintroduced by doing some modifications to existing SSC technique given by Myungchul Yoon et.al, to reduce the energy dissipation and delay on DSM bus through encoding the data on the bus.

Background: MammoSite Radiation Therapy System with a high dose rate brachytherapy ¹⁹²Ir source is used to deliver partial breast irradiation after a lumpectomy for early stage breast cancer to treat the tissue immediately surrounding the lumpectomy cavity.Materials and Methods: The spherical balloons with 4 cm to 6 cm radius have been considered filled with different mixtures of water and contrast solution in our simulation. We have used MCNP4C code to study the effect of the increased attenuation on absorbed dose value for the different glandular fraction of breast tissues.Results and discussion: We have calculated Heterogeneity Correction Factor (HCF) for various balloon diameters from 4 to 6 cm, for 0%, 20%, 50%, 70% and 100% breast glandular fraction phantom with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% contrast concentration inside the balloon.Conclusion: The result can be used in treatment planning systems and also for computation of model dependent parameters. The calculated HCF for the Mammosite breast brachytherapy applicator are agree quite well with Clinical results which obtained by others.

We are very happy to announce that from 11th November 2016, Ms. Fereshte Haghighi Fashi has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Agricultural Engineering. Ms. Fereshte Haghighi Fashi working University of Tehran, Soil Science & Engineering Department, Iran. The appointment of Ms. Fereshte Haghighi Fashi as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

A mut'atutalaaq is a title for the financial right that belongs to divorced women on the basis of the basis of Islamic teachings. However this right is deserved by the wife only if the divorce is applied by her husband and she herself was not culpable in the case Imamia jurists, supported by verses and narrations, have proposed three views on this right: 1) Most of them believe that it is obligatory for this right to be given to those whose intercourse has not taken place and the divorce dowry has not been fixed. 2) Some of them say that it is an obligatory grant for all of the divorced women. 3) Others say that it is an obligatory for this right to be given to all of the types of divorced women mentioned in surah Baqara ayah 236 and it is highly recommended (Mustahab) for it to be given to others as well. In this article, I have studied these statements and have mentioned citations for each of these.

The present study examined the perceptions and problems of teachers and administrators regarding the English language curriculum implementation at secondary level. The study was based on the purposive sample of 10 administrators and 40 teachers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The responses of school administrators and English language teachers were gathered through interview. The course content of English language was analyzed in the light of curriculum guidelines. Finding revealed that overall teachers are believe that loud reading and extensive writing helps in the acquisition of English language. For better English language teachers should use new teaching styles and methods in their classes. Teachers encourage students to think in English because if a child starts thinking in a particular language then it becomes easy for them to communicate in that language. Major drawback is that even after having a good syllabus of English language at secondary level many students do not have proficiency in speaking because of the clash in the mother tongue and the foreign language.

Image processing is widely applied in various area of applications such as Medical, military, agriculture, etc.. The problem which generally occurs in image processing is the removal of noise generated due to various sources. In this paper a new approach based on neural network technique is proposed for the removal of noise. This technique follows three levels. This technique combines the advantages of filtering, neural network and bayes shrinkage technique. The noisy image is first passed through a bilateral filter and neural network is applied to the filtered image and the output of NN is then applied to bayes shrink. The proposed method outperforms other methods both visually and in case of objective quality peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and MSE. Proposed method is verified for additive white Gaussian noise.

Three water sample in Oghara Community, Ethiope -West, Nigeria were assessed for Physico-Chemical and heavy metals. The pH of the water ranges from 6.10-8.60, conductivity of water lies between 7.50-77.90?/cm. Total solids, Total alkalinity, hardness, sulphate, ranges from 40.00-50.00mg/1, 28.00-29.70mg/l, 37.00-4.00mg/1, 55.20-5.30mg/I respectively, copper, iron, zinc lies between 0.02 – 0.03mg/I, 0.07-0.08mg/I, 021-0.31mg/I respectively. The results obtained from this study fall within the recommended values specified by NAFDAC and SON except the pH from site C that was above the maximum permissible limits specified by National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control. (NAFDAC) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON).

Classification is an important Data Mining Technique with broad applications in every walk of life. It is termed as classifying each item in a set of data into one of predefined set of classes or groups. The present study compares the performance evaluation of Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, k Star, Multilayer Preceptron, j48 classification algorithm and Rough Set Theory. The paper presents the experimental results about classification accuracy and explores that the accuracy of Rough Set Theory is improved than other algorithms. Keywords: Rough Set Theory, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, k Star, Multilayer Precepron and j48.

The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-Chloro-1-Fluoro-4-Nitrobenzene (CFNB) and 2,4-Dibromo-1-Fluorobenzene (DBFB) have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm-1 and 3500-50 cm-1, respectively. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule in the ground state were calculated by using density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP 6-311++G and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The geometry of the molecule was fully optimized, vibrational spectra were calculated and fundamental vibration were assigned on the basis of total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes calculated with scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method.

Silk fibroin (SF), a naturally occurring protein polymer, has several unique properties such as biocompatible, slowly biodegradable, minimal inflammatory reaction and endowed with excellent mechanical properties and process ability. The silk blended scaffolds were prepared by using SF as vehicle with dextrin and other healing agent of honey and Epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) is used as drug releasing model. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of prepared scaffolds for process versatility and the highly specific surface area. The structure was studied by Fourier transform infrared. The samples, treated at different concentration of honey and EGF, are analysed to investigate the growth inhibition effect of bacterial growth. These data showed the potential application of silk based scaffolds along with honey and rhEGF is intended to provide improved environments for zone of incubation when compared with normal scaffolds without rhEGF. Next the wound pus samples were collected from different diabetic patients and they were tested for antimicrobial test. Silk scaffolds had shown a promising natural product with healing for wound treatment. Processing silk scaffolds with honey and EGF offers a very attractive opportunity for producing a variety of medical products with great potential for bio medical end uses due to its superior biocompatibility of Silk. This prepared silk fibre based protein scaffold would be better in healing of diabetic wound healing as a very widespread model.