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This article focuses on the study of biodiversity' changes in Khor Abuhabil area. The intentions of the article are to study the change in biodiversity, and distinguish its main indicators and causes. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources together with Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing to track the changes in biodiversity through different periods. The descriptive and statistical analytical methods; density index, ARC MAP 10 and ERDAS 8.5 are used for the data analysis. The study points out that changes in biodiversity is a wide spread phenomena in Khor Abuhabil area as indicated by 98.4% of the respondents, the analysis of the satellites images and index of density. The forest and grass area decreased from 3708 km² to 819 km² and from 9817 km² to 4578 km² during the period 1972 to 2013 respectively, and concurrently, the cultivated area increased by 40% during the same period, at the expense of biodiversity. The changes in biodiversity represented by change in vegetation cover including the dominance of Calotrpis procera, Maerua crassifolia, Boscia angustifolis, Guiera senegalensis trees and decreased in Acacia senegal, Acacia mellifera and Dalbergia melanoxylon. The study also indicates the decreased and disappearance of palatable grass species like Triumpettaf lavesscens, Ischamum brachyatherum, Eragrostis pilosa and appearances of unpalatable grass species like Triumpetta flavesscens. The study also showed that many wildlife animals like Panther atigris, Crocuta crocuta, Viverra civetta and Gazella dorcas disappeared whereas birds like Bubulcus ibis, Ploceus galbula and Apus apus have become very abundant. The study concluded that the main causes stand behind the phenomena of change in biodiversity represented in frequent drought years 1973, 1984, 1991 and 2003, fluctuation of rainfall, overgrazing and misuse of trees and over hunting (P <0.001).

Decisions are complex in nature. Decisions may include uncertainty to some extent. Some decisions may be sequential in nature. Decisions are made within a decision environment. It is defined as the collection of information, alternatives, values, and preferences available at the time of decision. A sequential decision problem consists of n sequential states which are independent or interdependent. Therefore, action must be taken at each state and hence a sequence of actions must be taken to arrive at a solution. A decision made at one state due to an action is passed on to next state and the overall decision depends on the decisions made at each state. Probabilistic Transition System (PTS) is an extension of Labeled Transition System where each transition depends on a probability. PTS constitutes a framework for the description and comparison of processes with stochastic behaviour. Stochastic Finite Automata are suitable for the construction of mathematical models of complex systems having stochastic behavior in a finite way. In the study, PTS is extended by adding a component so as to represent a Transition System for Sequential Decision Problem under Uncertainty. The study is an attempt to exhibit Stochastic Finite Automata as a Mathematical Model for Sequential Decision Making under Uncertainty.

A study has been conducted on Acoustic Parameters of Spindle oil- Ethanol system, on different concentration’s [0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.6%] at temperature of 303K using Ultrasonic interferometer. Parameters like Ultrasonic velocity, Viscosity, Density, Adiabatic compressibility, Acoustic Impedance, Free length, Free Volume, Relation Time, Relative Association, Adsorption Coefficient and Molar compressibility are measured and it is helpful for correlation of Molecular interaction of binary mixture spindle oil-ethanol system.

The psychophysiological influence of the virtual reality on a human has already been under discussion for a long time. There is an empirical correlation of immersion with hardware and software parameters of the virtual reality such as a frame rate, tracking a head rotation, audio, and interaction methods applied in the virtual reality. On the other side, a deep level of interaction can be explained by activation of similar cognitive structures in the brain and sensory stimuli as in same situation on practice. In this perspective, psychophysiological test is simple model of human activity and could be provided benefit to measuring of performance man-machine interaction with graphic monitor (desktop application) and head-mounted display (in virtual reality). Its key idea is to measuring of human performance in different environments (desktop and virtual reality) by the test for a reaction rate to a movable object with feedback and without. It was shown that effectiveness of man-machine interaction turns out to be higher when using head-mounted display (in virtual reality) than when using a video display (desktop application) independently on the different orders of performing the testing tasks. The data obtained could be provided benefit to modeling training systems in virtual reality and for improving learning performance. The material presented can open new prospects for further research studies. It seems interesting to those who work in the field of usability engineering, training simulation and human-computer interaction.

Open Reusability Benchmark identifies a number of factors that are required to be present in a Learning Object Repository. A repository must comply with these factors to define a comprehensive and openly reusable Learning Object Repository. A number of existing systems that actually use a database of learning objects and their internal architecture is somewhat available are incorporated in this survey. Each of the studied system is then measured on these benchmarks and a critical analysis is performed on the basis of results.

Now a days as very few drugs are coming out of research and development and already existing drugs are suffering the problem of resistance due to their irrational use specifically in case of drugs like antibiotics. Hence, change in the operation is a suitable and optimized way to make the some drug more effective by slight alteration in the drug delivery. Sustained Release is also providing promising way to decrease the side effect of drug by preventing the fluctuation of the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body. This article contains the basic information regarding sustained-release formulation and also the different types of the same.

Now-a-days employees become the most important assets of the organizations. Organizations spend millions of rupees for their employee’s trainings and developments. But after certain time they quit because of many factors. In present study, we focus on two factors that contribute in this problem i.e. pay and supervisor. This study investigates the relationship of employee’s satisfaction of supervisor and pay with organizational commitment. Data was collected from 157 employees of banking sector. The results show that if employees are satisfied with their pay as well as their supervisor then their commitment towards their organization is strong.

When I was 16 I read an abstract about Ernest Hemingway’s story life and his dead. It disappointed me because I didn’t know why he should kill himself with a shotgun. I was encouraged by this question to find an answer to this question. Now I am 22 years old and being an English student is my key chance! Yes key chance because I’ve made a golden house and there is a door and you should be able to answer to all questions in English to pass the door and enter to the house .So knowing English proficiently is the key of entering. But when I decided to choose this article that why Ernest Hemingway killed himself as the same way that his father had done before him I thought that nobody can answer to this question and probably no one knew him more than himself and non of his friends are alive so what should I do ? After thinking a lot finally I found that he was a man that tried to have another Ernest in his stories like in the story of “Charles”! So who he was? I selected short stories & or excepts by early 20 century American author, Ernest Hemingway, Found background information on Hemingway, provided access to print and electronic resources to collect data an critical comments on the Hemingway’s short stories, and provide some time for the reading of the short stories. Finally I got that there is a character in his short stories that has lots of similarities with his characteristic and he was Nick Adams and in my opinion he is the second Ernest who is not dead and every day that Ernest’s books are printing he is born and shows that Ernest is alive and it means that my key chance is in its exact position and with a little pressure the door will be opened and now I am trying …But this is 1.4 of my complete issue.

The phenomenon of higher urban populations and increasing levels of industrialization in urban cities of the developing world has increased the volumes of solid wastes generated on daily basis. The increasing volumes have largely overwhelmed the containment capacities of city authorities which, hitherto, wielded the exclusive right and responsibility. There has, therefore, been a paradigm shift which has seen the “institutional field” opened up to allow for other non-state providers to augment the efforts of the public sector. Using the Public Choice Theory as a theoretical lens, this paper discusses the main arguments for non-state intervention in the provision of urban sanitation services as a complementary arrangement to that of the public sector. The tripartite stakeholders – state, private sector and non-governmental organizations – have been discussed in this paper with the help of a framework. The paper further discusses in detail, the role of non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations in urban sanitation service provisions as well as the key challenges encountered. The study concludes by highlighting the need for a level playing field and the need for providing recognition to and support for all stakeholders which would go a long way to enhance urban sanitation service provision.

Reading motivation is one of the most important factors, receives the special focus in foreign language teaching. Research has suggested that explicit reading strategies can be taught to students and improving their reading motivation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of reciprocal teaching strategy on reading motivation. Reciprocal teaching strategy consists of four basic reading strategies: predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing. Cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies are the reciprocal teaching strategies used to enhance students’ reading motivation. This paper will discuss whether ‘reciprocal teaching strategies’ enhance students reading motivation or not. This lack of good reading motivation skill is exacerbated by the central role of reading motivation in higher education success. One solution to this problem of poor reading motivation skill is the explicit teaching strategies. This paper is going to define the key words, reading motivation process, reading strategies, cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies, reading motivation and reciprocal teaching, and state relationship between reciprocal teaching and reading motivation. The findings indicated that reciprocal teaching had a significantly positive effect on the English reading motivation.