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Textile industry waste water from dyeing and finishing processes constitute a substantial source of water pollution which imparts intense colour, high chemical oxygen demand, fluctuating pH and other suspended particles. This coloured waste water must be treated before final discharge to attain legal standards. Conventional methods for removing dyes from industrial waste water consist mainly of biological and physiochemical treatments and their various combinations. Biological methods are cheaper than other methods but dye toxicity usually inhibits bacterial growth and limits therefore the efficiency of decolourisation. Physical methods usually need additional chemicals which produce secondary pollution and a huge volume of sludge. Water treatment based on electro coagulation technique has been recently proving to evade most of the problems also being economically attractive. This review deals with better understanding of the decolourisation of the textile waste water through Electrocoagulation process. Although there are various electrochemical methods for the treatment of waste water Electrocoagulation has proved to be a clean, versatile, selective, flexible and a powerful process. Decolourisation of the dyeing and finishing waste is greatly affected by the important operating parameters such as the current density, pH, dye concentration, treatment time, type of electrode material used, electrolyte and its concentration. Upon survey it is found that Electrocoagulation combined with other processes also has proved good in the improvement of the decolourisation efficiency.

Methods of design and built become new invention of Outcome Based Education (OBE) at Politeknik Kota Bharu (PKB). This paper prefer to the process of development Bicycle Chopper Hybrid (BCH) with Project Based Online Learning (PBOL) match with OBE that implemented at PKB. The Project Based Online Learning (PBOL) was implemented based on online learning management system call eSOLMS for this project development. This process related with engineering survey, planning, design and development of BCH by using sophisticated technology combination with mechanical machines at inside/outside of workshops at Politeknik Kota Bharu (PKB). The concept of Hybrid vehicle become the new innovation ideas for outcome based project 2012. The product of BCH generate with the power of 1400 rpm motor's to mobilize this vehicle machine. The use of coupling and chain extension as its power mechanism make this project function properly. The testing data’s of product BCH was carry out on Mac 2012 shows that the movement of Bicycle Hybrid Chopper is between 30 till 50 km/h. This speed is safe to ride for a people. In addition, the battery using can function for 3 hours journey. Distance can be traveled is between 10 km depending on battery power. Power Inverter playing role to convert DC current from the battery to AC current turn on. The cost of RM1000.00 for BCH product manufacture is a significant low cost factor of its new creation. This invention shows the effective of Project Based Online Learning (PBOL) implementation match with OBE needs. Hopefully this concept of Project Based online learning become next invention of Project Based Mobile Learning (PBML) of engineering student project development at Polytechnics & Community College, Malaysia.

Recently, modular multilevel inverter(MMLI) have gained interest for photovoltaic applications. This topology minimizes the total harmonic distortion both at the DC and AC side and reduces the voltage stress across the devices for high voltage applications compared to the conventional multilevel inverter. This paper explains the significance of a MMLI by employing phase shift PWM technique. This control algorithm is implemented in SPARTAN/FPGA board. The important aspect of this paper is the issues related to capacitor voltage balancing is addressed. The MMLI is powered by PV source and the modeling of PV alongwith MPPT is implemented in MATLAB. The validity of the proposed modular MLI topology is confirmed by simulation and experimentation.

This paper will deal with the developed wing for the Flying Bike in order to provide the maximum lift in a short takeoff and also to maintain the coefficient of lift for smooth landing, for this the development is carried out with the NACA 4 Digit Airfoil series concept on considering Flat Bottom Airfoil as already in use for sail planes and A-18 Airfoil for Small wind turbines, which have significant results on various models of airfoil but the appropriate one is to be chosen among the symmetrical and flat bottomed airfoil for the best flying concept with minimum drag and maximum speed in air. Also we find airfoil everywhere like in wings, tail surfaces (vertical fin and horizontal stabilizer), Propellers and turbofans, helicopters rotors, compressors and turbines, wind turbines, hydrofoils wing like devices which can lift the water boat above water.

This paper presents a single phase digital prepaid energy meter based on two microcontrollers and a single phase energy meter IC. This digital prepaid energy meter does not have any rotating parts. The energy consumption is calculated using the output pulses of the energy meter chip and the internal counter of microcontroller (ATmega32). A microcontroller (ATtiny13) is used as a smart card and the numbers of units recharged by the consumers are written in it. A relay system has been used which either isolates or establishes the connection between the electrical load and energy meter through the supply mains depending upon the units present in the smart card. Energy consumption (kWh), maximum demand (kW), total unit recharged (kWh) and rest of the units (kWh) are stored in the ATmega32 to ensure the accurate measurement even in the event of an electrical power outage that can be easily read from a 20×4 LCD. As soon as the supply is restored, energy meter restarts with the stored values. A single phase prepaid energy meter prototype has been implemented to provide measurement up to 40A load current and 230V line to neutral voltage. Necessary program for microcontrollers are written in c-language and compiled by Win-AVR libc compiler.

Lead poisoning crisis that crystallized in Bukkyum and Anka local governments of Zamfara State , Nigeria, gave birth to this research works in line with recommendations by Médecins sans Frontières (MSF-Holland) to Zamfara state health authorities.( UNEP/OCHA, 2010). The work consist of Soil sampling and XRF analysis of selected mining stages as well as a host village residential compounds, Dan-company. The concentration levels of Fe, Ni, Cu and Cr are elevated while that of other heavy metals is present within regulatory limits. The elevated levels of metals by their nature do rarely portend hazards to health. The relationship of mining cave values, tailings and residential compounds shows that the villagers of the mining environment might have been educated from the earlier years of the British settlers that flagged off mining in the area.

This paper presents a novel method of allocation of capacitor size for a distribution feeder with uncertain load. The interval mathematics is used to perform the power flow solution of radial distribution system. The simulation results have been obtained using the INTLAB Toolbox in MATLAB environment. The standard 15-bus, 10-bus and the 33-bus radial distribution systems which are used by the researchers have been analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The developed program gives the range of the capacitor ratings in kVAr which could be selected for compensation, corresponding to the min and max limits of the voltages at each bus. For a range of values of capacitor ratings, which when installed at a particular bus results in the range of reduction in cost of capacitor and energy loss reduction. This information is very useful for a distribution system planner.

We are very happy to announce that from 22nd September 2016, Dr. Srinivas Sathapathy has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Veterinary science. Dr. Srinivas Sathapathy working as Assistant Professor, Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, College of Veterinary Sci. & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 003, (Odisha), India. The appointment of Dr. Srinivas Sathapathy as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

Despite that plantain marketing could be used as one of the economic options of breaking the vicious circle of poverty in Nigeria, studies seems not to have existed on the marketing of processed plantain in Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. The study employed a combination of multistage and purposive random sampling techniques to collect data from 120 marketers. In line with the specific objectives, the data generated were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the analysis revealed that about 67% of the marketers were females who are within the active mean productive age of 32 years. It further showed that plantain are being processed into chips, flour, beverages, plantain ball, pastry, roasted plantain with plantain chips, plantain pastry, and roasted plantain being the most marketed processed plantain in the area. Meanwhile, the identified marketing activities performed by the marketers include advertisement, promotion, packaging, and after sells service in which case, the coefficients of advertisement and promotion (x?) were negatively signed and statistically significant at 5% level; and the coefficients of packaging (X?) and after sells service being positively signed and statistically significant at 1% level. Using the Benefit-Costs-Ratio analysis to determine the return to investment, it was observed that the most economically viable options of marketing plantain is by processing and selling roasted planting, plantain chips, plantain beverages, plantain pastry, plantain flour, and plantain balls. The study recommended for the provision of adequate marketing infrastructures by government and other NGOs to enable marketers make good returns from the marketing of processed plantain within the area.

A field experiment was carried out at the experimental Station of National Research Centre – El-Nubarya district, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt during two seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effect of drought stress (2504, 2003 and 1502 m3/fed/Season) (100 % IR, 80 % IR and 60 % IR) and four foliar application levels of ascorbic acid (AA) (0.0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and their interaction on yield, irrigations water use efficiency of wheat, protein content and protein yield under newly reclaimed sandy soil conditions Results indicated that water irrigation requirement varied significantly in all studied characters. The water irrigation requirement of (80 % IR) produced high grain yield per faddan and insignificantly outyielded the water irrigation requirements of (100 % IR). Increasing foliar application levels of ascorbic acid significantly increased grain and straw yields per plant and per faddan as well as protein content, protein yield, plant height, spike length, seed index, number of spikelet’s per spike and water use efficiency. Results indicated that the interaction between water irrigation requirements and foliar application levels of ascorbic acid had significant effect on all studied characters. The interaction between the water irrigation requirements of (80% IR) and (300 mg/L) foliar application level of ascorbic acid gave the highest values of grain, straw and protein yields per faddan, water use efficiency and significantly outyielded the other all interactions. This means that we can save 20 % of irrigation water by using 80 % IR to irrigate the new lands under the conditions of this trail.