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English has become the common international language in the 21st Century. It is the language most frequently used to communicate by people who are not native speakers of the same language. Consequently, learning and using English is of a great importance nowadays (Wu and Marek, 2010). Language is still taught as a traditional classroom subject, similar to math or geography in countries where there is not population of native or English speakers. Technology, however, offers opportunities for people from other cultures to interact with each other. It can be beneficial to language learners if technology is incorporated into the classroom

The present paper describes the effect of a single and an iterated use of organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos on three species nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Treatment levels of 0.5 µg/ml-4.0 µg/ml were applied once or twice with two weeks interval. Graded concentrations higher than 2.5 µg/ml showed affect on the growth of cyanobacteria. Maximum yellowing was seen to be at 4 µg/ml in all three species. The reduction in bili protein started at 2.5 µg/ml concentration of the insecticide. Three algal species showed varying degrees of sensitivity to the insecticide. Calculated no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values after treatments were 0.021, 0.024 and 0.075mg/ml for first application and 0.17 and 0.19 and 0.064mg/ml after second application for Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp and Oscillatoria sp respectively. Normal agricultural use of chlorpyrifos (250gm/1000lit/hectare) in rice fields will likely to be toxic to these ubiquitous nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Low dose application 2.5 µg/ml enables growth of more tolerant cyanobacteria as biofertilizer.

Co-curricular activities can form the development of intellectual, emotional, social and moral of the students. Skill of communication skill also can be honed through the involvement of students in co-curricular activities. Therefore, the study is about the influence of co-curricular activities on student’s communication skill. The result of the study is from the analysis of data that was got from reading material like journals of previous researches and books.

The present study aims to investigate whether upper-intermediate Iranian EFL learners can benefit from developing positive attitude toward learning English as an EFL. 32 female language learners from Shokoh-e-Andisheh language institute in Babolsar, were chosen as the participants of the study. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between language attitude and success in language learning of upper intermediate Iranian EFL learners.

Co-curriculum plays an important role in education. Among them is the importance of cultivating the personality and the formation of unity. Participation of students as young people and people in the country in co-curricular activities can cultivate goodwill, unity, national integration and inculcating the values of the indirect and direct when participating in these activities. This is in line with the second core in the Education Development Master Plan (Pelan Induk Pembangunan Pendidikan), namely Developing Human Capital. Quality human capital is the nation's primary asset to determine the future of nation. It is also important in building the concept of "One Malaysia" which prioritizes unity among the multiracial Malaysians. There are various advantages and disadvantages of co-curriculum implementation in education. Therefore, the implementation should be carefully planned and implemented more seriously by all parties. Any constraints in implementation whether in terms of teacher training, equipment, infrastructure, support, finance, etc. are urgently needed. It is important that the co-curriculum implementation in education can achieve its objectives and succeed in producing a highly educated generation of noble and virtuous.

The paper briefly described the operational mechanism innovation of key Microfinance Service Providers (MSPs) in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank has chosen to examine the approaches of microfinance. Grameen Bank is dominating microfinance market in Bangladesh in outreach, outstanding loans, savings, and efficient selected delivery mechanism. They offer micro-credit, savings and social services to the poor who were deprived from such access offered by conventional banks. Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is known worldwide for its innovative credit delivery to the rural poor. The bank offers loans to poor particularly the women in groups of five in order to create peer social pressure and solidarity which seems to work well in a society where social networks are often of vital Importance. Grameen Bank has been able to demonstrate the effectiveness of microfinance programs towards sustainable development for the rural poor in Bangladesh. The present study contributes to the literature on diverse microfinance approaches. The study may lead to further methodological improvement of the microfinance institutions in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Finally, microfinance practitioners and policy makers might gain better understanding on existing microfinance approaches in Bangladesh and can think or re-think for adaptation.

The main objective of this paper is to establish two summation formulae based on half argument involving Contiguous Relation. The results derived in this paper are of general character.

With the proliferation of ICT services, libraries are moving towards use of electronic information resources and services (EIRS) such as Integrated Library Systems (ILS), internet, online databases, online catalogues and interlibrary information sharing. This study aimed at establishing the type of electronic information resources and services (EIRS) provided in the Kenyan academic libraries and focused on a selected number of academic libraries namely: University of Nairobi (UoN), Kenyatta University (KU), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and Kenya Technical Teachers College (KTTC). The study used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The study used descriptive survey to collect information by interviewing and administering questionnaires to a sample of 264 individuals. The target population for this study was made up of the students, library staff, and teaching staff of five academic libraries Interview schedules were used on the chief librarians to get specific information. Questionnaires were used to collect information about library users’ attitudes, opinions, habits or any social issues. The study used descriptive statistical techniques to analyze the collected data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analysis where frequencies, means and modes were drawn from the data. Findings showed that the EIRS offered were computers, online Bibliography, OPAC, online Journals, online interlibrary sharing, DVDs, CD-ROMs and video tapes. Further, findings showed that computers and online journals were the frequently used EIRS while talking tapes were never used by the respondents. The study recommends the need for the users to be adequately equipped with the right skills on the use of the EIRS so that the there is utilization of the EIRS provided in the libraries.

The Sm3+doped Y2O3 phosphor has been prepared by using combustion technique. The visible frequency upconversion emission has been observed from the developed phosphor under excitation with a 980 nm diode laser excitation. The upconversion mechanism involved in the Sm3+ doped Y2O3 phosphor has been explained on the basis of excited state absorption (ESA) process.

Volatile oils of Dioclea reflexa (Fabaceae) roots were obtained by hydrostillation and analysed using GC and GC-MS. A total of 15 compounds were identified; hydrocarbons being the dominating group of the compounds representing 69.27 %. Oxygenated monoterpenoids identified included terpinen-4-ol (2.47 %), myrtenal (1.69 %), verbenone (1.25 %), trans-pinocarveol (2.86 %) and thymol (1.30 %); also stearyl iodide (10.33 %) was identified.