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A new heteropolyacid-based cation exchanger [Bismuth(III) tungstomolybdate (BTM)] has been synthesized and characterized using chemical stability, pH titration, distribution studies, thermal stability, FTIR, X-Ray analysis and TGA curve analysis. It exhibits 1.05 meq/g ion exchange capacity for sodium ions. The chemical stability of the material has been tested in acidic, neutral and basic media. Its distribution behaviour for nine metal ions has been studied. Ion exchanger column was used for binary separation and hardness causing metal ions removal.

This paper presents two polyester/vinylester blended nanocomposites in which first, blend filled with nanoclay and the second blend filled with nanoiron particles separately and both were reinforced with aramid fibers. Commercially available nanoclay used as it easily for the composite preparation, whereas nanoiron was synthesized using two compounds Fecl3 6H2o and Fecl24H2o under the presence of ammonium using chemical reduction method. The effects of water immersion on mechanical properties as flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact energy of ironnano and nanoclay filled and unfilled quasi-isotropic aramid fibers reinforced polyester/vinylester blended nanocomposites were investigated. Interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength were obtained with the variation of immersion time (0, 95, 155, 195 and 245 days) and weight percent of filler contents viz. (0, 3, 5, and 6wt. %). Impact energy was measured for dry and wet (after conditioning of 245 days) samples as a function of the variation of filler content. Flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact energy increase with increasing filler content in polymer HFRP (hybrid fiber reinforced Plastics) blended nanocomposites. Immersion in water results in a significant increase of flexural strength, interlaminar shears strength and impact energy, increasing with immersion time. Ironnano particles containing HFRP nanocomposites show higher values of flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact energy than those of nanoclay filled and unfilled HFRP blended nanocomposites as ironnano particle settles around the fibers, thus increasing the toughness.

English has become the common international language in the 21st Century. It is the language most frequently used to communicate by people who are not native speakers of the same language. Consequently, learning and using English is of a great importance nowadays (Wu and Marek, 2010). Language is still taught as a traditional classroom subject, similar to math or geography in countries where there is not population of native or English speakers. Technology, however, offers opportunities for people from other cultures to interact with each other. It can be beneficial to language learners if technology is incorporated into the classroom

The present paper describes the effect of a single and an iterated use of organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos on three species nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Treatment levels of 0.5 µg/ml-4.0 µg/ml were applied once or twice with two weeks interval. Graded concentrations higher than 2.5 µg/ml showed affect on the growth of cyanobacteria. Maximum yellowing was seen to be at 4 µg/ml in all three species. The reduction in bili protein started at 2.5 µg/ml concentration of the insecticide. Three algal species showed varying degrees of sensitivity to the insecticide. Calculated no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values after treatments were 0.021, 0.024 and 0.075mg/ml for first application and 0.17 and 0.19 and 0.064mg/ml after second application for Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp and Oscillatoria sp respectively. Normal agricultural use of chlorpyrifos (250gm/1000lit/hectare) in rice fields will likely to be toxic to these ubiquitous nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Low dose application 2.5 µg/ml enables growth of more tolerant cyanobacteria as biofertilizer.

Co-curricular activities can form the development of intellectual, emotional, social and moral of the students. Skill of communication skill also can be honed through the involvement of students in co-curricular activities. Therefore, the study is about the influence of co-curricular activities on student’s communication skill. The result of the study is from the analysis of data that was got from reading material like journals of previous researches and books.

The present study aims to investigate whether upper-intermediate Iranian EFL learners can benefit from developing positive attitude toward learning English as an EFL. 32 female language learners from Shokoh-e-Andisheh language institute in Babolsar, were chosen as the participants of the study. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between language attitude and success in language learning of upper intermediate Iranian EFL learners.

Co-curriculum plays an important role in education. Among them is the importance of cultivating the personality and the formation of unity. Participation of students as young people and people in the country in co-curricular activities can cultivate goodwill, unity, national integration and inculcating the values of the indirect and direct when participating in these activities. This is in line with the second core in the Education Development Master Plan (Pelan Induk Pembangunan Pendidikan), namely Developing Human Capital. Quality human capital is the nation's primary asset to determine the future of nation. It is also important in building the concept of "One Malaysia" which prioritizes unity among the multiracial Malaysians. There are various advantages and disadvantages of co-curriculum implementation in education. Therefore, the implementation should be carefully planned and implemented more seriously by all parties. Any constraints in implementation whether in terms of teacher training, equipment, infrastructure, support, finance, etc. are urgently needed. It is important that the co-curriculum implementation in education can achieve its objectives and succeed in producing a highly educated generation of noble and virtuous.

The paper briefly described the operational mechanism innovation of key Microfinance Service Providers (MSPs) in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank has chosen to examine the approaches of microfinance. Grameen Bank is dominating microfinance market in Bangladesh in outreach, outstanding loans, savings, and efficient selected delivery mechanism. They offer micro-credit, savings and social services to the poor who were deprived from such access offered by conventional banks. Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is known worldwide for its innovative credit delivery to the rural poor. The bank offers loans to poor particularly the women in groups of five in order to create peer social pressure and solidarity which seems to work well in a society where social networks are often of vital Importance. Grameen Bank has been able to demonstrate the effectiveness of microfinance programs towards sustainable development for the rural poor in Bangladesh. The present study contributes to the literature on diverse microfinance approaches. The study may lead to further methodological improvement of the microfinance institutions in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Finally, microfinance practitioners and policy makers might gain better understanding on existing microfinance approaches in Bangladesh and can think or re-think for adaptation.

The main objective of this paper is to establish two summation formulae based on half argument involving Contiguous Relation. The results derived in this paper are of general character.