Pharmacy

Hair loss (technically known as alopecia) is a loss of hair from the head or body. Baldness can refer to general hair loss or male pattern baldness specifically. Some types of baldness can be caused by Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder. Eclipta alba (Asteraceae), Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae), Trigonella foenugraecum (Fabaceae) are well known Ayurvedic herbs with purported claims of hair growth promotion. Hair formulation of Eclipta alba 10% w/v, Bacopa monnieri 10 % w/v, Trigonella foenugraecum 5 % w/v concentration in the form of herbal oil were studied and showed excellent hair growth activity with standard (2% minoxidil ethanolic solution) in wister albino rats. Hair growth initiation time was significantly reduced to half on treatment with the oil, as compared to control animals. The time required for complete hair growth was also significantly reduced. Quantitative analysis of hair growth after treatment with oil exhibited greater number of hair follicles in anagenic phase i.e. 82 which were higher as compared to control (52). The results of treatment with oil were better than the positive control minoxidil 2% treatment. It holds the promise of potent herbal alternative for minoxidil.

Glomerulonephritis is a group of renal disorders in which the major injury involves the glomerulus rather than the tubules, interstitial tissue, or vasculature. In glomerulonephritis, there is remarkable variation in clinical appearance, disease etiology, management strategy and diagnosis. The prime intention of this review is to provide detail information about Glomerulonephritis; its genesis, etiology, epidemiology, symptoms and diagnostic parameter for identifying acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. This review article focuses on the major treatment which includes Allopathic and Ayurvedic medicine available for treating the conditions of glomerulonephritis. Apart from this it also provides information about precautions and home remedies which are available for the treatment of Glomerulonephritic syndrome.

Medical implants the most unavoidable medical device of nowadays has many potent advantages. One of the important limitations of it in medical usage is colonization of biofilm formers on the inner surface of the implants and produce high risk for the implantable material. This study involves the evaluation of one such high rate biofilm forming bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis which prevail in the blood. The research materials silicone used for making catheters and stents was coated with chitosan and crosslinked using poly- D,L lactic acid (PDLLA) to provide anti-bacterial activity. This was achieved through a dip coating procedure. The bioefficacy against S. epidermidis, water absorbing ability, withstanding lysozyme degradation and biocompatibility analysis were done to understand whether the coated catheters can be more advantageous than the usual one used in hospitals normally. All the analysis showed more compatible result for the chitosan-PDLLA coated catheter samples. The bioefficacy effect of the dip coated catheters and its ability to eradicate the biofilm formation on the surface designated the modified silicone catheters as efficient implants.

Numbers of studies in animal models have shown changes in hemoglobin content after lead administration during gestation and lactation, still lead induced hematological changes are not well established. In the present study, hemoglobin content of normal and lead exposed pregnant and lactating Swiss mice were compared. Pregnant females were exposed to heavy metal lead orally on diet containing 4.5% lead nitrate and lead acetate trihydrate during gestation to 3^rd week of lactation. Hemoglobin content and blood cell counts were examined on 15^th day of gestation and on 1^st, 11^th and 21^st day after birth. The results indicated that in lead intoxicated pregnant females, hemoglobin content decreased. From the results of above study it can be concluded that high levels of lead exposure during gestation and lactation can severely damage heme synthesis.

In this research, immunoaffinity chromatography was used to purify factor VII from prothrombin complex (PPSB), which contains coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X. For this purpose DEAE-Sephadex and CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B gels were used. Specific activity of factor VII concentrate increased from 0.16 to 55.6 with purification-fold of 347.5 and the amount of activated factor VII (FVIIa) was found higher than PPSB (4.4-fold). Results of electrophoresis on agarose gel indicated higher purity of FVII compared to PPSB and these finding revealed that factor VII migrated as alpha-2 proteins. In order to improve viral safety, solvent-detergent treatment was applied prior to further purification and elimination of tween 80 was nearly complete (2 ?g/ml). Factor VII concentrate is used for patients with factor VII deficiency and also for hemophilia patients with inhibitors.

The overview of the paper is to give an idea of prescription drug labeling in United States. Prescription drug labeling helps in making labels more user friendly and which is an immediate and important source of medication information for patients. Although patients may obtain useful information from prescription drug labeling, its main purpose is to give healthcare professionals the information they need to prescribe drugs appropriately to the patients. FDA focused its effort on making labeling more informative and easy-to-read and minimize patient confusion and promote patient awareness on how to use a prescribed medicine safely and effectively, thereby reducing risk of medication error. The new drug labeling requirements was initially applied to recently approved prescription drugs and the drugs that received approval for new use, and later it was applied in gradually to other drugs. As per the new format, the prescription information for newly approved products must meet specific graphical requirements, including the reorganization of critical information so that physicians can find the information quickly. It may conclude in outlining the new format, which is helpful to understand exactly what a prescription drug labeling is in U.S.

UPLC can be regarded as new direction for liquid chromatography. UPLC refers to ultra performance liquid chromatography, improves in three areas: “speed, resolution and sensitivity”. In this system uses fine particles (less than 2.5 ?m). So reduces length of column, saves time and reduces solvent consumption. UPLC chromatographic system is designed in a special way to withstand high system back-pressures. Special analytical columns UPLC BEH C18 packed with 1.7 ?m particles are used in connection with this system. The quality control analyses of various pharmaceutical formulations are transferred from HPLC to UPLC system. The UPLC system allows shortening analysis time up to nine times and three times comparing to the conventional system using 5 ?m and 3 ?m particle packed analytical columns respectively. The negative effect of particle size decrease is back-pressure increase about nine times (versus 5 ?m) or three times (versus 3 ?m), respectively. The separation on UPLC is performed under very high pressures (up to 100 MPa) but it has no negative influence on analytical column or other components of chromatographic system. Separation efficiency remains maintained or is even improved by UPLC.

Oral controlled drug delivery systems represent the most popular form of controlled drug delivery systems for the obvious advantages of oral route of drug administration. However, there are certain conditions for which such a release pattern is not suitable like cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Asthma, Arthritis, Peptic ulcer etc. In such cases pulsatile drug delivery system is used in which release drug on programmed pattern i.e. at appropriate time & at appropriate site of action. Pulsatile Drug Delivery systems are basically time controlled drug delivery systems in which the system controls the lag time independent of environmental factors like pH, enzymes, gastro-intestinal motility, etc. The principle rationale for the use of pulsatile release is for the drugs where a constant drug release, i.e., a zero-order release is not desired. In chronopharmacotherapy drug administration is synchronized with biological rhythms to produce maximal therapeutic effect & minimum harm for the patient. Technically, pulsatile drug delivery systems administered via the oral route could be divided into two distinct types, the time controlled delivery systems and the site-specific delivery systems, thus providing special and temporal delivery. In recent pharmaceutical applications involving pulsatile delivery; multiparticulate dosage forms (e.g. pellets) are gaining much favor over single-unit dosage forms. Designing of proper pulsatile drug delivery will enhance the patient compliance, optimum drug delivery to the target side & minimizing the undesired effects.

The aim of the study was to evaluate ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride loaded microspheres using copolymers synthesized from acrylic and methacrylic acid esters as a the retardant material for nasal administration.. Microspheres prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method using an acetone and dichloro methane system. Formulation parameters and processing parameters like ratio of drug to polymer (1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 and 1:3) concentration of aerosol, volume of water and stirring speed were optimized. Aerosil was used as the inert dispersing carrier to increase the dissolution rate. The prepared microspheres characterized for their micromeritic propertics and drug loading, as well as Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro release studies performed in Phosphate buffer PH 7.4. The prepared microspheres should white, free flowing and spherical in shape. The drug-loaded microspheres showed 86-96% of entrapment and release contected up to 8-10 hr.

Tuberculosis is considered a re-emerging disease and one of the most important health problems worldwide. Present investigation was the first attempt and the main objective of this research was to test the effect of Acacia nilotica L. leaf and stem bark extracts against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA) method was used to determine the MIC range of plant extracts against the mycobacterial strain. Both bark and leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica L. was observed to possess anti-tuberculosis activity. However, out of them leaves methanolic extract possessed highest antimycobacterial activity as determined by their respective MIC range (0.980 – 3.92 mg/ml ).