Physiology and Anatomy

Spermatocytic seminoma is a rare malignant tumor of the testis that is characterized by an extremely low metastatic potential. This tumor is distinguished from other testicular germ cell tumors including classical seminoma by histological and immunohistochemical features clean. Previously, it was treated in the same way as conventional seminomas by prophylactic irradiation of para-aortic lymph nodes and iliac after orchiectomy. The currently accepted approach is surveillance. The rarity of this tumor makes diagnosis difficult, but its identification is very important to avoid any further treatment to patients after the initial surgery. We report a case of spermatocytic seminoma in a 42 year old patient and discuss the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of this condition.

Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Humans are accidental hosts in this zoonotic disease1. Scrub typhus presents as fever with little to distinguish it clinically from co-endemic diseases like typhoid, leptospirosis, and dengue. The presence of an eschar supports the diagnosis but is variably present.2 Scrub typhus is prevalent in many parts of India but specific data are not available3. There have been outbreaks in areas located in the sub-Himalayan belt, from Jammu to Nagaland. There were reports of scrub typhus outbreaks in Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling during 2003-2004 and 2007. Scrub typhus is a re-emerging infectious disease in India4.

The Pathologic fractures usually occur during normal activity or minor trauma due to weakening of the bone by disease .The clinical features was minor injury force, spontaneous fracture, and functional fracture. These fractures occurred in giant cell tumors, chondroma, solitary fibrous tumor of bone, aneurismal cyst, fibroma desmoplastic, fibrous dysplasis, osteoid osteoma in patients with no story of trauma. The surgical treatment consisted to curette the tumor bone and the fixation was made by different materials (nails, pins, blade plates) followed by cancellous grafting or resection-reconstruction. Six months later, we noted only one case of recurrence in giant cell tumor of the knee and was amputed. All patients were consolidated and the functional long term prognosis was excellent after physiotherapy

To find out combinations of the most effective cytomorphologic features to diagnose a case of breast lesion. To measure accuracy of combination of criteria used to diagnose a specific breast lesion. To determine the utility of FNAC and its continuing role in diagnosing breast lesions. Retrospective analysis of 460 patients with breast lesion referred to the Department of Pathology, Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Patna, for FNAC and later on confirmed by HPE were included in the study, irrespective of age. Lumpectomy provided the diagnosis in 107 cases. In the present study we found that the combination of criteria assessed, enabled the segregation of breast lesions into different categories with high significance values, which will be more effective in diagnosis of disease. Combined criteria provide better results and a practical way of expressing our opinion as more objective and precise diagnosis which is good from clinician’s point of view too.

Hepatitis b surveillance among butchers was undertaken in Port Harcourt metropolis. The study population comprised 700 apparently healthy butchers, selling within the selected slaughter houses. The survey covered a period of 1year, from February, 2010 to January 2011.The exclusion criteria used included history of Hepatitis B immunization and professional duration less than one year. HBV infection was detected by assay of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), using Pitis immunochromatographic and Clinotech Diagnostic Immunochromatographic Strips. HBV Seroprevalence was 13.71% (butchers). In the sections, cattle butchers scored the highest seroprevalence (18%). In the categories, slab butchers had the highest seroprevalence (26.79%). The age brackets with the highest HBV seroprevalence (28.4%) and (22.32%) were respectively 42-52yrs (biological) and 22-28yrs (professional). and although these were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of their controls, there was no linear relationship between ages and seroprevalence. Seroprevalence significantly (p<0.05) associated with risk factors in connection with butchery than social and medico-activities among butchers while reverse was the case with non-butchers and more butchers.

The combined concept of image processing [9] and neural network [3] [4] can be used in many applications like security system, medical imaging system, forensic identification system, biometric identification system and human computer interaction system (HCI) etc. Face recognition [4] [6] [7] [8] is a common approach used in security system, forensic identification system and biometric identification system. In this paper we will show how the concept of face recognition can be used to recognize the facial expression of a person. Here we use some image processing techniques like 2D-DCT [2] to compress the digital images and some preprocessing techniques to enhance the performance and then we use the concept of neural network like SOM (Self Organizing Map)[3]-[8] to recognize the facial expression efficiently. Here we use an image database consisting a number of faces of each expression to make a face space. For example, we use 10 sets of smiley faces (same person or different persons) to make a smiley face space. Now if a given image has to be recognized, the SOM will detect in which class it belongs to. The accuracy of our approach is depends on the number of epochs used in the SOM and the number of training face images.

The Russell-Silver syndrome is a rare genetic disease, with various clinical presentations. Little is known about its developmental delay and methods of treatment in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical therapy to treat a child with developmental delay caused by Russell-Silver syndrome. The intervention was performed over a period of one year, during 1-hour, twice a week, at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). Motor performance and functional capacity were assessed by using the Inventory of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability (PEDI). Data were analyzed quantitatively, comparing pre-and post-treatment measures. After the intervention, there was a significant increase in scores for analysis in the areas of self-care and social function. In the area of mobility, the scores also increased, showing an improvement of the engine and consequently higher degree of functionality of the child, but the infant kept showing a lower level of development when compared with typically developing children at the same age. Physical therapy was an efficacious method of intervention, enhancing and acelerating the motor and functional development in a infant with Russell-Silver syndrome.

To study mean platelet volume (MPV) and its relationship with glycemic control in type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Case control study Place and Duration: June to November 2012. One hundred Type 2 DM and forty healthy controls were selected through non-probability purposive sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria The subjects were divided into; controls (group I), controlled diabetics (groups II) and uncontrolled diabetics (group III). Blood samples were collected in bottles containing sodium citrate and processed on automated hematoanalyzer. Blood glucose and HbA1c were measured on automated chemistry analyzer. The Data was analyzed on SPSS version 20.0 using one way-ANOVA, Fischer`s LSD and Pearson’s correlation (r). A p-value of <0.05 was taken statistically significant. Out of 140 subjects, male and female in groups I, II and III were found as 26 and 14, 34 and 16, and 22 and 28 respectively. The mean ± SD age was noted as 45.18 ± 8.84, 46.36 ± 5.98 and 43.64 ± 9.01 years respectively (p ? 0.09). A highly significant platelet count difference was observed between groups I and III (p<0.001). The MPV was found as 9.7±0.68, 9.94±0.69 and 11.28±1.15 fl (femtolitre) in three groups respectively (p<0.0001). Significantly higher MPV values were found in uncontrolled diabetic subjects compared with normal healthy controls and controlled diabetics (p=0.0001). The MPV was positively correlated with HbA1c (r=0.540, p=0.0001) and duration of DM (r=0.410, p=0.0001), negatively correlated with platelet count (r=-0.6, p=0.4) and correlation was not found with age (r=0.30, p=0.69) and gender (r=0.10, p=0.20). Mean platelet volume was found elevated in type 2 DM particularly in those having uncontrolled glycemic control. The MPV was positively correlated with HbA1c and duration of DM but negatively correlated with platelet count.

The linear and mass attenuation coefficients have been estimated for four selected Ghanaian hardwood species namely Kroma (Klainedoxa gabonensis), Potrodom (Erythrophleum africanum), Dahoma (Piptadenia africana) and Odum (Milicia excelsa), using a selection of eight X-ray qualities with tube voltages ranging from 34 kV to 150 kV generated by a Philips MG324 Constant Potential X-ray Generator. For Kroma of average density, 1055.7 kg m-3, the mass attenuation coefficients range from 1.52 ± 0.05E-6 to 5.29 ± 0.05E-6 m2 kg-1. For Potrodom of average density, 1013.0 kg m-3, the mass attenuation coefficients range from 1.53 ± 0.05E-6 to 4.06 ± 0.05E-6 m2 kg-1. For Dahoma of average density, 785.5 kg m-3, the mass attenuation coefficients range from 1.35 ± 0.05E-6 to 3.94 ± 0.05E-6 m2 kg -1. For Odum of average density, 582.3 kg m-3, the mass attenuation coefficients range from 1.54 ± 0.05E-6 to 5.41 ± 0.05E-6 m2 kg -1. Experimental results show that for both high and medium filtered X-ray spectra, Kroma has the highest linear attenuation coefficient and is therefore, the most efficient attenuator, followed by Potrodom, Dahoma and then Odum. Half and tenth-value layers of Kroma and Potrodom have been found to be comparable to that of gypsum wallboard, a material of approximate density, 700 kg m-3 intermittently used for shielding against scatter radiation in some medical X-ray diagnostic facilities. Furthermore, X-ray attenuation characteristics of Kroma and Potrodom compare well with that of gypsum wallboard, thereby rendering it a suitable alternative shielding material that could be considered in low-level X-ray applications such as in dentistry and mammography in Ghana.

In facial scar correction, there is a shortage of soft tissue. Hence, reconstruction using tissue from surrounding areas needs to be performed. However, the tissue from distant area does not guarantee similarity in color, function and texture. Further, additional scars in the donor site are also inevitable. Replacement using tissue with similar colour and texture is one of the major challenges in facial reconstruction. In order to overcome this hurdle, tissue expanders are used. This has become a more practical and easy way of facial reconstruction surgeries.