Physiology and Anatomy

Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly that is presented in both male and female newborn as the External Urethral Meatus opens ventral to its normal position. This birth defect of the Urogenital Tract is found more common in males; and the main contributing factors are subcategorized mainly into Genetic, Hormonal and Environmental factors. The incidence of this anomaly varies around the globe but a raise in its rate of occurrence within the past two decades has been detected, suggested to the increase of several Endocrine Disrupters that mimics the action of Estrogen affecting the normal development of the embryo during gestation.

Objective: This study was to evaluated reasons for teeth extraction in southern regions of Iran. Method : We evaluated reasons for teeth extraction in 364 persons of sample population of Shiraz, Iran (157 women and 207 men)who were referred to Shiraz Governmental Dental Health Care Centers for extraction of their teeth in a three month period (Oct. to Dec. 2010). There were no special criteria in selection of the patients. Results: Data showed that dental caries was the main reason for extraction of teeth followed by periodontal disease and orthodontic therapy respectively (P=0.007). A significant relationship was shown between sex and extraction (P=0.015) and location of residence (urban vs. rural) (P=0.007). Conclusion: According to the data of this study showing that dental caries and periodontal diseases are two main causes of teeth extraction, it seems that following correct oral hygiene instructions via educational principles to the people accompanying mechanical removal of dental plaques, would be the first step in preventing these two common dental problems which may cause extraction of teeth.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is defined by the presence of an orifice in the diaphragm, more often left and posterolateral that permits the herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax. The lungs are hypoplastic and have abnormal vessels that cause respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality. The etiology is unknown although clinical, genetic and experimental evidence points to disturbances in the retinoid-signaling pathway during organogenesis. Chronic respiratory tract disease, neurodevelopmental problems, neuro-sensorial hearing loss and gastro-esophageal reflux are common problems in survivors. Much more research on several aspects of this severe condition is necessary.

Müllerian Agenesis (MA) has been estimated to affect 1 in 4,000 to 5,000 women. Considered to be sporadic, it is a rare congenital disorder of the female reproductive system depicted by the absence of the uterus, cervix and/or upper 1/5th portion of the vagina. Its embryological basis is as a result of failure in the development of the Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts and thus, failure of fusion between the Caudal vertical parts of these ducts bilaterally, to form the aforementioned reproductive structures. It has been linked to possible genetic relations, nonetheless, more this article will address in depth the clinical significance and possible causes of this disorder.

Infectious endocarditis with Q fever is a rare and not very specific infection; Its diagnosis is difficult since it is usually a negative blood culture endocarditis. From a patient who was hospitalized in the cardiology department at the Mohamed IV University Hospital Center in Oujda; We describe the clinical and paraclinic presentation of this type of endocarditis while analyzing its lesional features; Therapeutic and evolutionary

Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis that progress to terminal renal failure during the second decade (juvenile form) or before the age of 5 years (infantile form). In the juvenile form, a urine concentration defect starts during the first decade, and a progressive deterioration of renal function is observed in the following years. Kidney size may be normal, but loss of cortico-medullary differentiation is often observed, and cysts occur usually after patients have progressed to end-stage renal failure.

The Subclavian Steal Syndrome is a condition in which the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery is affected with stenosis or blockage. The blockage causes the reverse blood flow in the vertebral artery which is termed the "steal", because it steals blood from the cerebral circulation. Blood is drawn from the contralateral vertebral, basilar or carotid artery regions into the low-pressure ipsilateral upper limb vessels. The term subclavian steal syndrome is applied when reversed vertebral artery flow causes cerebral ischemia with associated symptoms of vertebrobasilar hypo perfusion and/or symptoms of brainstem or arm ischemia. This syndrome exists as an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of cerebral and brachial ischemia.

Normally, the adult archetype aortic arch branching variations was due to the deviation in the growth pattern of the aortic or branchial arch arteries and their associated “migration” and “merging” of their branches. Recently, it is well identified that the suspicion exists with the “bovine arch” and “Truncus bicaroticus” trunk Aortic arches, leads to sudden severe neurological complications due to the wide range of atheromatous plaques and congenital aneurysms, cause medical emergencies. Radiology reports are advised to overlook for the Bovine and Truncus bicaroticus Aortic arches, as the true silent killers for the precautionary efforts to rule out the TAA.

In this research, a descriptive study was done and 190 individual samples as questionnaire forms were collected from general physicians who attended in hospitals, educational and private centers in Kermanshah and Tehran cities, Iran. After collecting the questionnaires, data were analysed using SPSS 13 software and chi-square test. The results showed that in 74.2 % and 68.4 % of cases, nasal x-ray film was requested in patients with the prior history of cosmetic nasal surgery and medicolegal reasons, respectively which is in line with the work done by some researchers [2,3]. There were significant correlations among old nasal fracture, medicolegal reasons and prior history of cosmetic nasal surgery with requesting of nasal x-ray films (P-value <0.01), whereas there were not any significant correlations between requesting of nasal x-ray films and sexuality of physicians or type of centers (private and educational). The causes of nasal x-ray film requesting based on the viewpoint of physicians were: 1) medicolegal reasons, 2) the prior history of cosmetic nasal surgery and 3) old nasal fracture, respectively. According to these results, the frequency of nasal x-ray film requesting is relatively high and more studies in a longer time period are necessary to clarify the causes.

The embryologic growth of the vagina is still uncertain. The urogenital sinus and the mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonephric ducts possibly all play a part in the development of the vagina. Duplication, agenesis, mesonephric duct remnants, and hymen abnormalities are amongst the more common congenital anomalies of the vagina. Due to close developmental correlation between the genital and the urinary tracts, relations of anomalies in both systems are common. Mullerian malformations are normally associated with abnormalities of the renal and axial skeletal systems, and they are frequently the first encountered when patients are originally inspected for related conditions.