Physiology and Anatomy

The paper mainly calculates and analyzes the model of Iodine cycle in the human body. The model can be divided into two cases: when the parameter is not certain, it could analyze the deviation of content of iodine in the body and normal; when the parameter is certain, it makes the general form of solution and the method is general and practical.

Neurological problems are the major complications generally recognized during the early childhood Type I Diabetes Mellitus (DM).Which causes potential physio-morphological changes on central nervous system. Its early adverse impact can’t be ignored during the childhood cognitive behavior. The recognition of disease and initiation of early treatment can prevent the advanced complications in young diabetic children. The diabetes was induced in 22 days (postnatal) wistar rats by giving intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin at a dose of 60mg/kg body weight. After the confirmation of diabetes induction treatment with the alcoholic root extract of Salacia chinencis at a dose of 100mg/Kg body weight was started immediately. And it was continued for one month duration. At the end of 30 days treatment schedule the animals were scarified and the brain tissue was collected. The tissue was processed under rapid Golgi staining. Tissue sections of frontal cortical neurons were subjected to Camera Lucida drawings and later it was analyzed by considering the changes in dendritic arborization pattern. The alcoholic root extract of Salacia chinencis has shown significant changes in the dendritic arborization pattern in different groups as follows. The analysis of apical intersections has shown that normal control differs with treatment group (p=.014), diabetic control group differs with treatment group (p=.020). And in case of apical branching the normal control differs only with diabetic control (p=.029.) The basal branching points between the normal control differs with diabetic group (p=.013), diabetic control group differ with treatment group (p=.006). And in case of basal intersections none of them are statistically significant to compare.

Accumulation of neutrophils in the connective tissues and junctional epithelium of the periodontium is a characteristic feature of periodontal disease. The migration of neutrophils into the area may be in response to chemotactic substances elaborated directly by bacteria or by complement-derived chemotactic factors. The function of the neutrophil is thought to be clearance of infecting microorganisms and other noxious substances. It is, therefore, not surprising that a decrease in neutrophil number and function might result in more severe periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemotactic response of the neutrophils in a group of patients suffering from generalized aggressive periodontitis. Neutrophils from 10 normal subjects and 10 generalized aggressive patients were isolated from peripheral venous blood and chemotactic response was measured using casein as the chemoattractant. Of the 10 patients analyzed 5 patients showed depressed chemotaxis to casein. Elevated chemotactic responses were seen in remaining patients. Thus all patients recruited in the study showed abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis. The results obtained were not statistically significant. Based on these results it can be concluded that patients of generalized aggressive periodontitis show abnormal chemotactic response.

The objective of this randomized controlled study was to determine the effects of Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation on blood glucose, QOL, Stress, and HbA1c (A1C) and cholesterol in patients with Diabetes mellitus II ( TDM2). Patients with diabetes mellitus II were randomized to either groups. Session of JPMR and sessions of routine management. All sessions were individual. Ttotal of 20 participants were entered, and 19 completed the 3-month protocol. A blood glucose, A1C, Cholesterol were assessed, and WHOQOL and HADS for depression and anxiety were administered pre-randomization and after completion of intervention for both groups. Statistical analysis was done for comparison of both groups. After applying “ t ” test pre relaxation and post relaxation data shows highly significance difference between mean and standard deviation values of all parameters in group A i.e. (p <0.01) This pilot study supports the use of Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation in patients with Diabetes mellitus II ( TDM2) Further research is necessary to determine the long-term effects of JPMR Jacobson’s Progressive muscle relaxation can be included in routine management in Diabetes mellitus II.

The effect of radiation on efficiency, retention of activities and stability of the activity during different exposure duration of radiation were studied. In the present work the effectiveness of gamma rays on the glucose and cholesterol oxidases are studied. We find that the last three dose (20, 30 and 45) minute of gamma ray have potential to cause global changes in the reducing enzyme activity. While the cholesterol oxidase activity was reduced after exposure to radiation at 10, 20,30 and 45 min. To investigate the stability of Glucose oxidase and cholesterol oxidase to radiation , different exposure time were preform, and the results show the tolerance capability of glucose oxidase was more than cholesterol oxidase when exposure to radiation for 10 min, the results shown that the activity of glucose oxidase was 0.506 U/ml, while the activity of cholesterol oxidase was 0.472 U /ml.

Bladder cancer is the second urogenital cancer; smoking represents the main risk factor for its occurrence. Urothelial bladder tumors without muscle infiltration are a group of tumors treated with conservative endoscopic resection, often associated with adjuvant instillations of chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The high risk of recurrence leads to a systematic monitoring. Cystoscopy represents the standard of monitoring. Prognosis of this tumor group is heterogeneous. The risk of progression to invasive cancer is highly variable and potentially lethal. Stage and tumor grade are well recognized as prognostic factors. Cystectomy may be considered in high-risk tumors, in case of failure of conservative treatment. The purpose of this article is to analyse through a literature synthesis, prinicipal topics concerning diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of non-infiltrating bladder tumors.

The mastoid region is favourable for sex determination, as it is the most protected region and resistant to damage due to its anatomical position at the base of the skull. The skull is traditionally considered to be the best skeletal indicator of ancestry and the second best indicator of sex next to the pelvis. The objective of this study is to verify the efficacy of a new method for determination of sex of fragmentary human skeletal remains in the native state of U.P., India. Knowledge of sex estimation through mastoid process is important for Anatomist, physical and forensic anthropologists.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is multifactorial diseases caused by complex between genetic, lifestyle and environment risk factor; T2DM has also been recognized as an immune mediated disease leading to impaired insulin signaling and selective destruction of insulin producing beta cells in which cytokines play an important role. This study aimed to investigate the association of IL-6 gene polymorphism (-174G>C) with type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in Iraqi population. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 50 diabetic patients and 50 apparently healthy individuals from both genders. DNA was extracted and Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was carried out to detect polymorphism at the -174 position of IL-6 gene and determined the genotype for Iraqi population. The results revealed that the GG genotype in diabetic was significantly (p?0.05) lower than control group (64% versus 74%, respectively) while the GC genotype in diabetic was significantly (p?0.05) higher than control group (32% versus 22%, respectively), and there was no significant difference between diabetic and control group in the CC genotype with a non significant differences in either G or C allelic frequencies between diabetic patients and control group. The results of the present study indicate that heterozygous GC genotype was associated with the incidence of T2DM.

Repeated attempts at surgical repair of serious complications involving either the partial or complete breakdown of the hypospadias repair are less likely to succeed because the penisis densely scarred, or significantly shortened, and the skin over the penisis immobile and hypovascular. Buccal mucosa (BM) has become the preferred material for reconstruction, whenever a child with skin-deficient hypospadias needs reoperation. We report the results of our surgical experience with staged reoperation using BM, in the repair of hypospadias a patient of 22 years with complications after multiple failed repairs.

Buccal mucosa has been used in both primary and salvage urethroplasties, as dorsal onlay. Ventral onlay, and as tubed grafts in posterior and anterior urethral strictures. It’s recommended as ideal graft material which offers many advantages: availability, easy and less infectious complications. Repeat urethroplasties were performed by excising the fibrous tissue around the stricture; buccal mucosa was then harvested from the inner cheek, made into graft tubing, and interposed into the defect. We report the results of our surgical experience with staged reoperation using BM, in the repair of post-traumatic membranous urethra stricture with loss of substance estimated to 5cm a patient of 22 years with complications after multiple failed repairs.