Leadership Management

Leadership is a very important factor in determining organisations’ effectiveness. The values uphold by leaders will influence their conduct as ethical leaders or not. What are ethical behaviours? Why are they important? What are the values and behaviours that are being inculcate among public sectors workers? How is it done? What are the strategies employed to enhance ethical behaviours? Analysis shows that despite numerous efforts done by the top managements, the result are not very encouraging because there is no comprehensive plan to educate public sector employees about ethics.

The purpose of present study was to explore and to compare public and private biology teachers’ views about use of audio visual aid in teaching of Biology at secondary school level. The data for the study was collected from secondary schools teachers of biology. The results of present study show that there is a positive relationship between facility of audio-visual aids and the teacher’s attitude. The findings report that secondary schools teachers of biology do realize the importance using audio visual aids in teaching of biology. However, finings reported that teachers of public sectors were more familiar about the importance of use of audio visual aids for teaching of biology than private sector teachers. It was concluded that in public sector school all teachers were trained as only trained teachers were appointed at public sector schools at secondary level. Finding further reported that there were no proper facilities of audio visual aids for biology teaching. Results further inferred that utilization of audio-visual aids in teaching of biology was very effective as it increases the level of interest and enhances motivation for learning in students and the only visual aid available at maximum secondary school was black board.

The study centred on lecturers’ involvement in decision making and job enhancement in Colleges of Education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two research questions and hypotheses were developed to guide the study with ex-post facto research design and the population of the study comprised all lecturers in Colleges of education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Data obtained from the registrar units of these colleges showed that there were one thousand six hundred and forty five (1,645) male and female lecturers in these Zones. Applying Tara-Yamene’s formula for a sample size of 503 from a finite population of lecturers’. The study adopted stratified random sampling technique to determine the sample for the study and the instrument for data collection was a questionnaire tagged Lecturers’ Involvement in Decision Making and Job Enhancement in Colleges of Education in Cross River State, Nigeria (LIDMJEQ) was constructed by the researcher to elicit data from the respondents. The drafts of the instruments were given to three experts - one from the Department of Educational Foundations and Administration, and two from Measurement and Evaluation, all from the Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. A trial test was carried out using forty (40) lecturers’ who were comparable groups outside the study area. The data obtained were analyzed using the Cronbach Alpha reliability method to determine the internal consistency reliability of the instruments. The data was analysed using one way ANOVA. The findings revealed that there is no significant influence of lecturers’ involvement in major decision-making and their job enhancement. Also, Lecturers’ involvement in minor decision-making does significantly influence their job enhancement. It was recommended among others that School leadership should involving their lecturers’ in the school major decision-making processes.

Organizational climate plays a key role in the performance of an organization. In schools it directly affects the academic achievement of the students. Therefore, this study was conducted on organizational climate of high and low adopter secondary schools in Khyber pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study was descriptive in nature. Population of this study comprised all the head teachers and teachers of public secondary schools registered with Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (Kohat, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan). 120 schools were selected as sample from these 8 boards, 40 schools from each board, out of which 20 high adopter and 20 low adopter schools from each board and from each school 01 head teacher and 04 teachers were selected using equal ratio sampling method. For collection of data simple survey method was applied using a self-developed questionnaire based on five major facets of organizational climate and each facet contained ten statements. To find out and compare the organizational climate of high and low adopter schools Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test were used. It was concluded that the organizational climate of high adopter schools was better than low adopter schools. And there was a close relationship between the organizational climate and students academic achievements. It was hoped that the government of Khyber pakhtunkhwa, policy makers and other authorities will take initiative steps to improve the organizational climate of the schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

A Code of Ethics outlines principles that project honesty and integrity to help guide individuals when making business decisions. The Code outlines the organisations mission and sometimes values to ensure ethical dealings are carried out by employees. As seen by the demise of many organisations, the mere reliance on the fact that an employee acknowledges the Code of Ethics does not ensure that the employee will be governed by the ethical principles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether integrity testing could contribute to the enhancement of the principles of the Code of Ethics. Integrity is based on the consistency of morals and values carried out. Quantitative techniques were used to analyse integrity test results. In line with theoretical knowledge, the statistical results revealed correlations as well as collective measures of employee behaviours and attitudes that would impact on the principles of the Code of Ethics and the organisation as a whole.

Nowadays society is changing faster than ever and is making increasingly complex demands on schools so in-service is particularly important. Staff has to introduce changes in school structures and curricula. Falling school rolls are causing new problems, including reduced promotion possibilities for Staff. In-service training is an important instrument for school improvement as well as personal development. In-service training is necessary to maintain the professional standard and to raise standards of teaching and learning and therefore regular in-service training should take place. This paper shows necessity of Staff’s professional development with respect to in-service training. The aims of this paper are to define staff’s professional development, elaborate educational system, clarify In-service training of Educational, describe history of in-service training in Iran, explain teaching, state the necessity of staff’ in-service training, discuss the necessity of teachers’ training , describe the kinds of Staff’s Training, explain Training-Needs Assessment and discuss concepts of Adult Education.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the interrelationships between morale and job performance of secondary school teachers. This is a questionnaire survey involving secondary school teachers from four schools in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. The information gathered was used to develop a statistical model to explain how teachers’ morale affects their job performance. A total number of 92 respondents were involved in this study. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the morale status between the male and female teachers; the male teachers registered a moderately higher score as compared to the females. It was also found that there is no significant difference in the job performance between male and female teachers. Apart from that, this study also revealed that all the five factors: leadership, belongingness, environment, personal development and collegiality contributed significantly to teachers’ morale. The working environment was rated as the most important factor among the five. A structural equation model was developed to determine the relationships between the various morale determinants, morale status, and job performance of the teachers. The results indicate that the ‘environment’, ‘personal development’ and ‘collegiality’ factors affect the feeling of ‘personal reward’ of the teachers while ‘leadership’, ‘belongingness’, ‘environment’ and ‘personal development’ influenced their ‘cohesive pride’. It was also found that only the ‘leadership’ factor had a direct impact on ‘job performance’. The other morale determinants affect the ‘job performance’ of the teachers indirectly either by affecting ‘personal reward’ or ‘cohesive pride’.

The underlined study aims to explore the level of job satisfaction of the head teachers at the elementary schools from the district of Sahiwal, the Punjab, Pakistan. The researchers also venture to draw a comparison between the criterion of the job satisfaction of male-female and urban-rural elementary head teachers. Since teaching is a highly prestigious profession and the most sensitive domain of all others. So, it is very important to provide teachers with all their peace of mind. It would be possible only if they find themselves satisfied with their job. Hence, this research may be taken a milestone for the provision of a flourishing ambience to the head teachers so that they may indulge themselves with the very idea of a professional teacher. In order to collect the required data for the study, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) was used as a tool. The sample of 140 head teachers was taken randomly by the researchers; The SPSS-12 (evaluation version) was used to analyze the obtained data and t-test was applied for the sake of comparison. The overall response rate was 86%. This research has successfully got that the head teachers were slightly satisfied with the basic three dimensions of a job i.e. advancement, education policies and compensation. Thus, it is found exigent to overcome the problem in order to give them the maximum job satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to find out those competencies that Teachers’ Service Commission (TSC) appointed Heads of Department in secondary schools should have for effective performance of their administrative duties and responsibilities. Major areas of responsibility for study were: Responsibility for Curriculum; Responsibility for Teachers; Responsibility for Learners; Responsibility for Resources; and Responsibility for Finance. Under these areas of responsibility, 46 specific tasks were identified and consequently studied. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used for the study. There were 37 Heads of Department, 112 teachers, 24 head-teachers and 2 Quality Assurance and Standards officers’ in-charge of secondary schools selected from Siaya District. Data collection techniques included questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. For data analysis, mean scores and percentages were used to describe data. T-test and chi-square statistical techniques were used to draw inferences. The findings of the study revealed that heads of departments in secondary schools are lacking in certain competencies which are crucial for effective performance of their administrative functions and responsibilities. The most discrepant competencies were found to be in the area of Responsibility for Curriculum, and Teachers. On the basis of the findings, recommendations were made on how to equip heads of department with the necessary competencies in order for them to be effective in their work. These include the need to: offer extra job- focused formal training to heads of department; broaden, detail and make practicable education administration curriculum in teacher training institutions; provide elaborate job description manual; provide incentives to these administrators; and have quality assurance personnel make frequent and broad based supervision of the work of Heads of Department.

ABSTRACT The study investigated challenges of communication practices in the seven Colleges of Education in the Ashanti Region. The population comprised College administrators and tutors and the sample included 21 administrators 178 tutors. The instrument was pre-tested and a reliability coefficient of 0.89 was realized and it was deemed to be good for the final data administration. Consequently, data collected were analysed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. The results of the study showed that the College had communication practices that use three traditional channels of communication, namely: downward, upward and horizontal. Also, media of communication like face to face, telephone, text messages, staff meetings as well as notice boards were used to convey the needed information on regular basis.

Discipline is the epicenter of success of a school and members of a school are required to strictly adhere to various standards or codes of behavior. Student discipline is a crucial factor in not only academic achievement but also success in other school activities. The challenge of managing student discipline is pervasive and constant. The issues of management strategies and student discipline in secondary schools in Kenya are viewed by many as contemporary problems that may turn into a crisis if not checked. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of selected strategies used in managing student discipline by secondary schools in Kericho West District, Kericho County. The objectives of the study will be; to determine the effectiveness of guidance and counseling in enhancing student discipline, to find out the effectiveness of communication as a strategy in management of students discipline, to investigate the influence of student motivation on student, to examine the effectiveness of students’ participation in decision making in enhancing students’ discipline and to determine the principals’ effectiveness in managing students’ discipline in secondary schools in Kericho County. The study adopted Bandura’s (1997) social learning theory. This study employed the descriptive survey research design. A population of 135 was considered which composed of 45 principals, 45 deputy principals and 45 head of departments in charge of guidance and counseling of all public secondary schools in Kericho West District.

The issue of teacher supply and demand amidst the call to meet Universal Primary Education (UPE) remains one of the critical issues facing developing countries today. The problem is compounded by a number of factors that vary from region to region. The main purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing teacher supply and demand in Old Kajiado District in Kenya. The study employed survey research design. Stratified simple random sampling procedure was used to arrive at forty two (42) schools and head teachers respectively, one hundred and seventy one (171) teachers and nine (9) staffing officers. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. Data were analysed with the help of SPSS version 16.5 for windows. The study revealed that there a number of key factors that influenced teacher supply and demand in the District. These included policy related issues on staffing, deployment and transfers. Other particular issues were hardships in terms of harsh climatic conditions, poor infrastructure, poor teacher facilities and cultural related issues like perception of women professionals. The study suggests participatory approach in addressing the problem of teacher supply and demand which may differ from one place to another.

This study investigated the main effects of leadership styles on organizational performance at state-owned corporations in Kenya. It specifically sought to determine the impact of laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership styles on organizational performance at state-owned corporations in Kenya. A descriptive survey research based on the perceptions of middle and senior managers in thirty (30) state-owned corporations based in Mombasa, Kenya was undertaken. A structured self-completed research questionnaire was thereafter distributed and collected after one week. The completed questionnaires were checked for plausibility, integrity and completeness resulting in 72 usable cases. Three independent variables with various factors were identified and measured using a five-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). These were laissez-faire; transactional; and transformational leadership styles. The dependent factor was represented by the degree to which the organization has achieved its business objectives in the previous financial year. To discover the leadership styles that influence organizational performance, correlation analysis was employed. Correlations between the transformational-leadership factors and organizational performance ratings were high (0.518 to 0.696, P < .05), whereas correlations between the transactional-leadership behaviors and organizational performance were relatively low (0.219 to 0.375, P < .05). As expected, laissez-faire leadership style is not significantly correlated to organizational performance. Based on the findings, the following recommendations are given: managers should discard laissez-faire leadership style by becoming more involved in guiding their subordinates; public managers should formulate and implement effective reward & recognition systems. It was further recommended that managers should: strive to become role models to their subordinates; inspire subordinates by providing meaning and challenge to work; stimulate subordinate efforts to become more innovative & creative; and lastly, pay greater attention to each individual’s need for achievement and growth.

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of transformational leadership practices on student satisfaction in the academic setting in Malaysia. Approximately 450 full-time students took part in this study from three different universities in Perak from various faculties. A multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) with a Likert-Scale of 1-5 was used to collect the data to determine students’ perception of transformational leadership practiced by teaching staff at the three universities and to gauge the satisfaction level of students. To ensure reliability and validity of the respondents’ data set, the sample included only students who have studied for more than one semester at the particular university. Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis to describe demographic profile of students and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to test the relationship between independent variables [(Idealized Influence (II), Individual Consideration (IC), Intellectual Stimulation (IS) and Inspirational Motivation (IM)] and dependent variable (student satisfaction). The correlation analysis shows that all the transformational leadership behavior II, IC, IS and IM were significant and highly correlated with student satisfaction. However, Multiple Regression analysis showed that transformational leadership behavior of inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulations and individual consideration were significant and positively influence student satisfaction level while idealized influence was not significant. Academic institutions of higher learning should take this into consideration when dealing with student satisfaction. This research shows that transformational leadership is crucial in improving student satisfaction. Future study should be undertaken to include a wider sample size, increase the research context to ensure validity and reliability of the results and promote student satisfaction in order to enhance a learning culture.

This quantitative descriptive study aimed to identify the influence of coaching relationship on the coaching communication by the perception of polytechnic lecturers. A total of 411 lecturers randomly selected from the five polytechnics which successfully obtained an overall excellent performance including academic standards and quality management through the recognition of the polytechnic ratings. Data for this survey were collected through a questionnaire which was adapted from an instrument used by Heslin, VandeWalle, and Latham (2006), and Gregory and Levy (2010). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that coaching relationship had positive and significant influence on coaching communication. In term of the implications, this study showed the role of the middle manager is extremely important in creating the coaching relationship in order to improve coaching communication performance.

The number of females appointed to leadership positions is small compared to males. This phenomenon happens not only in developing countries but also in developed nations. Various barriers are mentioned and this includes limited educational opportunities for females. However, in Malaysia, the numbers of females in institutions of higher learning far exceed the number of males in the ratio of 70:30. This paper will explore the question related to the position of female students in students’ associations in one public university. Data are obtained through document analysis, focus group interviews and in-depth interviews with students involved in associations. The questions attempted to be answered include the number of female students involved in associations; the leadership positions held; factors that motivate and prevent them from participating; and the challenges faced by them. The analysis shows that there are many female students appointed as representatives in associations but the numbers holding the positions of President are disappointing. What are the factors contributing to this situation? Further, several recommendations will be discussed to assist students in improving their leadership skills.

The present study was conducted to assess the impact of academic staff functioning on research in higher education organized by the University Grant Commission. The present study based on to find out research abilities of teachers such as knowledge up-gradation, art of thinking, research skills, technological information environmental awareness and writing skills etc. Primary and secondary data collected and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. The study carried out during the UGC sponsored Orientation Programme and Refresher Course in their respective ASCs in year 2013-14, for measuring the impact pre-programme and post-programme survey was conduct on the same participants. On the basis of the findings of the research the Z test value inferred that all the parameters had predicted a significant impact on research abilities in orientation and refresher programmes offered by ASCs.

In this era of development, the construction industry is one of the most important sectors that contribute to the economy and a catalyst for other industries. As a result, the demand for skilled and semi-skilled workers is increasing. This demand has raised the status of Technical And Vocational Education in line with the other courses. However, there are several issues that arise in the employment sector where based on previous studies, this problem arises due to the weakness of human factors within the context of ineffective leadership. Leadership is an important aspect in the form of an organization to achieve the goals, vision, mission and objectives are kept by the organization. In this title, it will discuss leadership in education. In fact, we will discuss also the demand for technical and vocational education. Then we will look about the working environment in which the leadership is very important element.

Principals’ leadership behavior plays an important role in transforming societies through the best performance of their teachers. This study was focused on the investigation of leadership behavior of principals at secondary school level in southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The survey research design was used. The study determines leadership behavior of secondary school principals as perceived by teachers. The study was delimited to Southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtukhwa, Pakistan and to the government boys’ Secondary Schools. The population of this study was comprised all teachers of government boys’ Secondary Schools of Southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Multistage random sampling technique was used, from the population four districts i.e. Kohat, Karak, Bannu and LakkiMarwat were selected randomly and then from each district ten schools and from each school ten teachers were selected randomly and thus the sample was stood 400 teachers of 40 Secondary Schools. The data was collected through a questionnaire developed by the researcher. The collected data was analyzed using Mean and Standard deviation to provide answer to the research question. It was concluded that the perceived leadership behavior of principals was above average and was good according to the scale.

The study examined the efficacy of instructional supervision in primary schools. Specifically, the study sought to determine the teacher’s perception on the efficacy of supervisory roles carried out by primary school head teachers and to establish the supervisory skills and aptitudes possessed by the head teachers in discharging their supervisory duties in Nyeri Central Sub-County, Nyeri County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive research design. The sample was 16 head teachers and 125 teachers. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which were administered to the teachers and head teachers. Data collected was edited, coded and entered in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v.21) computer software. Quantitative methods were used in analyzing the data while results were presented in form of tables. Findings on the efficacy of head teachers in instructional supervision revealed that the head teachers demonstrated efficacy in providing instructional materials and facilities, motivating teachers for improved performance and in enforcing discipline. However, efficacy of the head teachers was found to be low in; making class visitations, defining of goals for academic achievement, monitoring classroom instruction, building capacity for teachers and in providing feedback on pupil’s performance. Most head teachers possessed and used managerial skills such as evaluation skills, discipline skills; reportorial skills and interactive skills in carrying out instructional supervision and that most head teachers lacked and did not use pedagogical and analytical skills. Most head teachers had no training in instructional supervision. Most head teachers delegated supervisory duties to deputy head teachers and senior teachers. The study recommended that head teachers be trained on instructional supervision so as to make them more effective, that instructional supervision be incorporated in the training curriculum, and that head teachers are appointed on the basis of the skills and aptitudes.

This article reviews the benefits of a collaborative school culture, including reduced teacher isolation, social and emotional support, opportunities for professional development and learning, and closer ties with significant stakeholders, such as families and community organizations. While collaborative cultures may be powerful, they also may be either misguided or superficial. Further, cultural change is difficult and norms such as teacher isolation and autonomy are well entrenched. These concerns point to the need for a change process that has a positive focus, is essentially self-organizing, encourages deep reflection, and avoids the pitfalls of manipulation by school administrators. This analysis points to consideration of appreciative inquiry, a strengths-based process that builds on ‘the best of what is’ in an organization. The second portion of the article reports on the impact that an appreciative inquiry process had on building a collaborative culture in 22 schools located in British Columbia, Canada and reflects on its strengths and limitations.

The present paper is an attempt to explore the status of teacher education in Pakistan with reference to challenges in the field of teacher education curriculum and teacher education institutions. The objectives of this study were to find out the challenges faced by the teacher education institutions and to highlight the factors responsible for the low performance of the teacher education institutions. It was a theoretical study in which available related literature was explored. Major findings inferred from review were that teachers educators are reluctant to change in curriculum or in teaching methods, the entry criteria into teacher education programmes is low, usually whoever does not get any other opportunity, his/her last choice becomes teaching, no national standards for entry qualification of teachers, lack of professionalism in teacher educators, isolated curriculum which has no connection with realities of classroom and school environment, lack of planning for teaching practice, political interference, lack of infrastructure and lack of research and innovations in the area of teacher education, lack of promotion structure of in-service teachers and lack of Incentives for teachers for appearing in continuous professional development programmes. The quality education is strongly related to the quality of teacher education in any education system. Today, teacher education institutions are facing multiple problems and confronted with number of challenges. In order to face these challenges we need complete renovation of our teacher education programmes. The status of teacher education in Pakistan can be raised by certain measures in order to meet the challenges in teacher education field offering incentives for educators for successful implementation of any innovative programmes of teacher education, raising the entry criteria /standards of into teaching profession, making teaching profession attractive , teachers’ training for developing professionalism in teachers, course on professional ethics, courses may be redesigned to make it correlated with real practices and problems of classroom and school, teacher education curriculum may be made more practice-oriented rather merely theory- oriented, raising, budget for education, stopping political interference in teachers’ selection and transfer, introducing separate teacher education cadre and a national commission for teacher education, conducting research for resolving teacher education problems and bringing innovations in teacher education programmes, relating in-service teacher education programmes to teachers’ concern.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among leadership styles and employee performance in higher education. The study was examining the impact of transformational, transactional and Laissez-Faire leadership styles on employee performance. The study was conducted through descriptive a cross – sectional study involving a self administered questionnaire was used as the measuring instrument. The study population comprised all staff in University of Somalia Registration with 310 numbers. Slovin’s formula or method was used to determine the sample size and the sample number was calculated 76 one. Stratified sampling was used in this research.the data was collected and then analyses was used SPSS. And presented in tables, charts and pie charts. The results showed that transformational leadership style, transactional leadership style and lazier-faire leadership styles all have positive but weak impact on employee performance in Universities in Somalia. Recommendations based on these research findings are intended to aid University of Somalia to improve its employee’s performance by training managers and leaders to use styles of leadership. Leadership training program is more important than ever. And also, as the study found that there is a positive relationship between the three styles and employee performance in UNISO, and that indicates there may exist other variables which influence employee performance, so the researcher recommends that UNISO should launch another research to find those other variables.

Management nowadays is something more than a job or a profession and it became the combination of science, art, skill. Managers in such a complex and dynamic industrial societies of these days, regarding the increasing knowledge in all fields and unreliable conditions of global competitive, cannot succeed just by using managing skills and there is no option but using leadership skills. Management is the art of making others do the job for you, but leadership is the process of influence others in the way that they conduct the work of their own accord and prefer the organization's interest to their own in all areas. A manager needs four skills: understanding, humanity, technical, and specialist. So he can do his duties such as planning, coordinating, organizing, controlling and supervising leadership and guidance, budgeting and industrial innovating. the manager's characteristics are (managing knowledge, art, experience and intrinsic management competency; however a leader must have characteristics such as great intelligence ,self-control ,self-confidence, charm ,speech influence ,high understanding ,emotional stability in addition to above items) and therefore ,when science and technology leaders come to an agreement and experience the deepest human relationship with their employees ,they achieve the most successful outcomes. The fast changes are permanent in the nowadays industrial world and leaders most perform different roles in this changing world so they can be successful in all aspects. Effort for success in the new science, specially nano technology and it`s application in the petroleum industry, definitely needs to such leaders who can lead the employees through the recognition of their potentials and used each of them in its place and to help leaders to achieve results.

Maximising academic learning time has been identified as a critical tool for improving student achievement. The study aimed at assessing factors that influence the utilisation of teaching time allocated to primary schools, how distortions in the allocated time affect teaching curriculum, and measures in place to ensure that instructional time is efficiently utilised in schools within the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis. Descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Stratified sampling procedure was used to sample 63 respondents. Questionnaire and observation guide were used as instruments for collecting data. SPSS version 17 and Microsoft Excel 2007 Edition were used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics, chi square and one sample t-test were used to describe the data.

This paper discusses the relevance of content analysis as a methodological tool in the study of conflict situation in Nigeria. It attempts to test the widely held assumption that poverty is the major reason for the growing number of insurgencies in the country in recent time. The central argument put forth here is that despite the weakness associated with content analysis in terms of validity and reliability, it can be used to effectively examine the content of communication, especially in conflict situations. Thus, this paper seeks to identify the link between quality research and effective policy process in Nigeria. The paper relies essentially on secondary sources of data. It recommend that government should adopt dialogue in resolving the problem of insurgency at its formative stage rather than the use of counter violence as is the case with the current Boko Haram insurgency.

Africa is currently challenged with an eroding ethical leadership base across the continent. The foundation of past ethical thought and exploring authoritative sources has led to a general understanding and consensus of what ethics should subscribe to. Africa, and South Africa in particular, is at a junction where the quest for a renewed spirit and united front for re-establishing an ethical foundation is eminent. Higher education and evolving curriculum in typical leadership programmes is important in sewing a ‘golden thread’ throughout every curriculum thus portraying the critical importance of a renewed thrust in strategic community development globally. To solve the current dilemma that is fragmenting the continent regarding the degeneration of ethical conduct amongst current leadership in Africa, the paper undertakes to concentrate on possible models and the essence thereof for innovative ethical solutions to emerge. Developing higher education global systems and critically evaluating policy, practice and its evolving implementation that incorporates a paradigm of thinking that not only takes into account the past (in-the-box thinking), the current evolving ‘outside-of-the-box’ thinking but explores a shift that encourages teaching, learning and innovation with a renewed higher education basket of tools. The ultimate journey is a new focus on a shift toward ‘without-the-box’ thinking for further development in higher education using a learner-centred approach in a flipped classroom environment thus encouraging a renewed ethos embedded in an innovative future professional that should emerge. The outcome is a renewed approach to revitalise higher education in a fast and vibrant technological global environment, encouraging a new generation of dynamic, strategic African leaders that can address the on-going evolving sustainable development leadership challenges which are currently fragmenting and destabilising the continent.

This article discusses the role of the counselor as a leader in the development of TVET in Malaysian universities. Various issues related to the development of children in the area. Today's society thinks that counseling is a professional services performed by a competent and qualified counselors in the counseling field. According to Abdul Halim, (2000) counseling services in Malaysia has just created as a result of the UNESCO declaration to the Ministry of Education through an expert consultant RK MacKenzie from Canada. In 1962 to 1963, he has trained managers from state education departments in matters related to counseling and guidance. As a result of this effort, a book on School Services Guide was published by Macmillan in 1966. Role of the counselor is seen from the four aspects of leadership, the practice of secrecy, selection of participants and follow-up (Fadilah and Maisarah 2002).

As an ability of a person influence a group of other people toward achievement targeted goal an organization is a leadership. School situation gives to most impact to school leadership, to the classroom and also to the administration. Classroom practiced by the teachers not only giving impact to the achievement of the classroom itself but to all of the person in the classroom. This article writes how role the teacher leadership has developed and influence classroom teaching and learning.

This study was designed to test the path-goal theory of leadership in an educational setting. It investigated the relationship among directive and participative leadership behavior of degree college principals, and faculty job satisfaction, acceptance of leader and job expectancies, moderated by teachers’ need for autonomy. The questionnaire comprised of a combination of instruments measuring directive and participative leadership styles, need for autonomy and all three subordinate outcomes along with two scales for measuring role ambiguity and stress of the principals for controlling their affects. MANCOVA was used to know the moderating affect of need for autonomy on the relationship of leadership style and subordinates’ outcomes controlling the effect of role ambiguity and stress of the principals. Findings indicated that the need for autonomy differentially affected subordinate outcomes relationships with directive and participative leader behaviors. Two out of six hypotheses were according to the predictions of theory. All the results of the study were discussed in relation to the path-goal theory.

Learning in workshop is different from learning in a classroom, because learning in a workshop usually use tools and materials. This study aims to look at how smooth learning in the workshop depends on the teacher. This study is a qualitative and quantitative analysis which documents and questionnaires to obtain information. Three main objectives namely ethics teacher, the transmission of knowledge and leadership. Respondents in this study consisted of 49 students in three secondary schools in Batu Pahat District. Questionnaires were given to the respondent contains 59 items. Cronbach Alpha reliability test derived from the pilot study is 0.832, this means that items in the questionnaire can be used in the actual study. Overall results indicate that teachers in terms of leadership, ethics and teaching can deliver Learning and Teaching (T&L) to the students properly. Based on this study also found that students' prior knowledge can also help smooth the process of T&L.