Social Sciences

This paper discusses public policy making in Tanzania. Using documentary analysis, it attempts to find out whether the problems that were observed by Goran Hyden in1984 have so far been solved by policy makers. A point of reference is made to the fact that Hyden’s observation was made during the time in which Tanzania was under state controlled economy. With the country’s adoption of liberalization policies which Ndumbaro (1994) describes as the era of power shift in policy making from the state to donors, it is imperative to see whether this has affected policy making in the country. The paper concludes that although donors’ influence in policy making has continued to increase, there is no significant improvement in addressing policy-making problems that were noted by Hyden. Most of the policies continue to be made without adequate information, in which also the past does not seem to be of great use in shaping new policies. As a result, policy makers continue to be driven by a desire to do everything at the same time, which in turn increases the burden to policy implementers.

Concerns have been raised over the increase of problems like drug abuse, alcoholism premarital sex, cheating in examinations and teenage pregnancies in Kenyan Public Universities. The study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of guidance and counselling services at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. The Goal Setting Theory by Locke and Latham (1990) formed the theoretical framework for the study. The Study adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample size comprised of 204 university students. It was found out that guidance and counselling services at Masinde MuliroUniversity of Science and Technology were effective among students who sought the services. The study, however recommended that the guidance and counselling department should focus more on social, health and financial issues affecting students in the campus as well as exploring the influence of university enrolment and home oriented factors that may affect students and the stakeholders were encouraged to be involved in the process of guiding and counselling students.

This paper investigates the extent to which the electorates’ culture plays a role in parliamentary elections in Webuye Constituency, Kenya. The main assumption is that the electorates’ culture influences peoples' attitudes and choices. Three objectives form the basis of the paper. These are: to assess the role of the electorates’ moral values in parliamentary elections, to examine the role of electorates’ patriarchal values in parliamentary elections and to investigate the impact of electorates’ oral traditions in campaigns and voting patterns during parliamentary elections. The Interaction Interpretive theory is the main tool used to probe various aspects and elements of politics. The paper is organized into three sections. Section one covers the background information to the paper, statement of the problem, objectives of the paper, literature review and theoretical framework. Research methodology, results and discussion are in sections two, three and four respectively. Primary data is collected from oral interviews, observation and questionnaires while secondary data is collected mainly from written materials like published books, periodicals, newspapers, journals and Internet. The target population is randomly and in specific cases purposively sampled. The findings are presented according to each research objective mainly using tables. Percentages are computed to give a clear statistical picture of the state of issues under investigation.

The aim of current study is to investigate the relationship between social capital & the Knowledge management in the Iranian national Oil refining and distribution Company. our model have four dimensions of knowledge management and a model for social capital. The statistical sample of this study was the manager and Employees of Iranian`s national oil refining and distribution company, Based on the proposed research model, we have examined the research hypothesis, which Consisted of one main hypothesis and five sub hypothesis. At last, the research hypotheses were tested By Spearman Correlation Factor and four hypotheses were accepted and one of them weren’t accepted And their significance factor was confirmed. Afterward, by the multi factor data analyze, it was noticed That the independent variables of research has variables of research have multi dimension correlation with km as a dependent variable.

Oral performance in general plays a significant part in any academic field and it is a flexible tool that can be used to meet a variety of goals (Diamond, 1999; Graham, 2006). This study aimed to illuminate and investigate one psychological and crucial factor influencing the oral performance: Self-efficacy (SE). Lexical knowledge (LK) also plays a significant role in oral performances. An attempt was made to assess the relationship among self-efficacy, lexical knowledge, and oral performance. In so doing, after homogenizing the students as Intermediate ones via a placement test, a standard questionnaire of SE (Owen&Froman, 1988) was administered to intermediate students. In addition a lexical knowledge test was taken. Afterwards, the researcher asked the subjects to deliver a speech on a general topic. Based on the results, the subjects were divided into four groups: 1) High SE, High LK, 2) High SE, Low LK, 3) Low SE, High LK, and 4) Low SE, Low LK. The data collected as well as the scores given to their oral performances were analyzed through SPSS (21.00). Results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups of High self-efficacy, high lexical knowledge and Low self efficacy, low lexical knowledge. The former group outperformed the latter one. The outcomes of this study can have benefits for both foreign language teachers and learners. They both can attain better results by focusing more on the psychological factor of self-efficacy and linguistic factor of lexical knowledge in their roles. The findings of the present study demonstrated that more concentration ought to be placed on this psychological factor as well as lexical knowledge of the learners in order to enhance their oral performances.

This study discusses skills of workers, especially educational attainment and technical and vocational training capacity and its relationship with wages in district Faisalabad. The analysis highlights the need to promote technical and vocational skills and education of labour force through greater investment on training programs so that male and female productivity could be increased. Education and vocational training of female needs to be increased in order to increase labour force participation rate of women in the district. Furthermore, education reforms especially in technical and vocational education are necessary which needs to be closely linked to the requirements of the domestic industry, service and agriculture sector in the district.

Salafiyah is a movement among muslims that has roots in the primary centuries after advent of islam. This movement strongly want to follow the exact behaviors of the primary muslims and is against any use of humans' ideas for obtaining ideas and orders of islam. that is because of that salafiyah considers the primary centuries of Islamic era as a golden era for islam and muslims .basics of this idea was constructed by ahl-al-hadith and then ahmad-ibn-hanbal .but the salafiyah mainly constructed by ibn-taymiyah.the construction that had been built by ibn-taymiyah was edited and brought to operation by mohammad-ibn-abdolwahhab.by using salafi ideas as an operating system ,wahhabis became able to establish three wahhabi governments one after another in the central Arabia and eventually they conquered the biggest part of Arabia politically and religiously and even penetrate in some other countries and it was the most important victory for salafiyah in its history to develop its ideas and politics.

Malaysia Education Development Plan from 2013 to 2025 is an educational transformation plan towards providing a 21st century education. Education is the spark of creativity and innovation generators that act as enablers to intellectual progress and humanity in tandem towards placing Malaysia row of other developed countries in the 21st century. In vibrant transformation Ministry of Education, the important thing to note is the extent to which awareness of school leaders in providing a 21st century education to transform the national education can be achieved successfully. The leadership style of some lecturers also affect the success of the educational preparation of the 21st century. The main focus of this study was to examine the awareness and knowledge of lecturers Living Skills Department, Institute of Teacher Education Campus Tun Hussein Onn, Batu Pahat, Johor as change agents in providing 21st century education. Conceptual framework is based on instructional leadership style. The study used qualitative interviews and observations involving respondents from lecturers of Life Skills at the Institute Teacher Education Campus Tun Hussein Onn.

Middle East has been the major special area for the three major monotheistic religions for its religiously geopolitical aspect. Apart from this, the emergence of the old prophets at this area and being a cradle for the first civilizations made the place more important. During 20th century this area is like a new homeland for the Jewish people who faced with great oppressions as it was before. The foundation of Israel after the World War II in this area, Arab people especially Palestinians began to feel the heat from it. After this, we will witness many movements that will protect Palestine from Israel. One the most important of these movements is the Al-Fath Organisation. Although its main motto is the independence of Palestine, by getting affected from the scholars who affected the Arab world a lot, they decided to both adapt a new position and got into political fights with other rival organisations. Therefore, their effect on both politics and Middle East increased considerably. Among all the ideologies and the changing conditions of history, Al-Fath tried to express its own ideals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the school inputs in private primary schools in determining pupils’ examination performance. This was in relation to general lack of literature on school inputs in relation to performance in private primary schools in Kenya. The findings of this study showed that the quality of education and performance of pupils in examinations are determined by teacher experience, teacher qualification, the school environment, the head teacher and educational resources. The study provides a base for an evaluation of cost-effectiveness of different policies associated with school inputs aimed at improving the quality of education at primary school level. Parents and the public in general can also gain from the study; by gaining confidence in the private schools and the quality of education they provide.