Electrical and Electronics

This paper presents optimal cross section selection of MV feeders in radial power distribution system planning to reduce power loss and improve voltage profile using genetic algorithm. To analysis the steady state of network in each step of optimization, a direct approach load flow which is both robust and efficient and has high convergence speed is used. In this paper, feeder cross section selection will be performed considering the economic, power loss, and energy loss factors so that, constraints like maximum current capacity of feeders and allowed voltage drop of nodes are satisfied. The obtained result of feeder cross section selection problem will be close to absolute optimum point because of using genetic algorithm as an optimization tool. The proposed method is implemented on MATLAB software environment and through numerical example the validity of proposed method is verified.

Mobile communication is currently one of the major services that are developing at a rapid pace.4G (also known as beyond 3G) is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive Internet Protocol solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia services can be provided to users on an "anytime, anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. This implies that roaming between different networks must be automatic and transparent to the user. The international telecommunications regulatory and standardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012–2015 time scale.

Moore's Law has been greatly depended upon for the development of Electronic computers as they have also been regarded as traditional computers which cannot meet the high speed and bandwidth demands of the future. This led to the emergence of researchers in the field of computer engineering that began to work towards optical computing systems. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine optical computing as one of the major trends in Information Technology (IT) industry in the perspectives of its pros and cons towards recommendations that will further improve IT industry.

In this world of technology and scientific development, there has been great need to intensify researches on the development of security alarming systems in our agricultural farms and farmsteads. The pressure mat auto-light (PMAL) security control system is a sensory device consisting of two separate sensory units (Pressure Mat (PM) unit and Auto-Light (AL) unit) integrated into an efficient single sensory security system. It is designed and constructed with mat transmitter (MT) under a foot mat signaler receiver (FMSR) 12V, 223A buzzer, light emitting diode (LED), integrated circuit (IC), transistor (L8050), LM358N op-amp, a 2-1.5V battery, and resistors of 0.5? and 4.5? served as signaler receiver (SR), Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), a relay of 1000mA, 1000W/12V power transformation and power source of 220V to 240V. Efficiency of 70%, 95.8% and 90% for the frequency of loop gain , transmitter ( ) and receiver ( ) circuits respectively showed reliability of the PMAL designed and constructed. From evaluation and testing of the device, the receiver can sense any pressure or weight upon the triggering spring at a distance 150m away from its area of installation, within which the buzzer beeps (sounds out), signaling wave presence in the receiver unit, thereby alerting the presence of intruder(s) in farmstead(s) and thus automatically shut-close the farmstead with the aid of a LDR, so that wild animals such as fox, jackals, wolfs etc will be kept away from fields of forest nursery and confined animals.

This paper presents a photovoltaic array (PVA) simulation model to be used in Matlab-Simulink GUI environment. The model is developed using basic circuit equations of the photovoltaic (PV) solar cells including the effects of temperature changes and solar irradiation. This PVA model is used with boost converter to analyze its output and usage for various constant DC operations efficiently. Further an applications of solar panel of low output voltage is shown in which the panel is simulated with boost converter and then its output is given to an SVPWM fed inverter which provides 3 phase AC supply for 3 phase induction motor, which is feeding half of the industrial world. The advantage of using PID controller with closed loop converters is also shown in this paper, which provides constant DC. The simulation of closed loop converter with solar panel is done and the results are presented

Safety, along with security, plays a vital role in today’s society. The goal of this project is to design an embedded safety and security system for vehicle by integrating and modifying existing modules. This system endures mainly with three modules namely Gas sensing module, Obstacle detection module and Anti Theft Alert system, these are interfaced with atmel AT89S52 microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensors transmit ultrasonic waves from its sensor head and again receives the ultrasonic waves reflected from an obstacle and instructs the microcontroller which alerts the driver with an alarm and controls the vehicle by stopping it. The gas sensor here is mounted inside the vehicle such that it senses the presence of the gases inside the vehicle cabin if there is any increase in the level of the toxic gases it informs to the microcontroller which alerts the persons inside the vehicle with an alarm and also sends a SMS to the authorized user through GSM. When an unauthorized person opens the car door, the car anti theft system becomes active and gives indication by raising an alarm that the car is being under theft.

Mean shift tracking is a widely used tool for robust and quick tracking of the object in video, against partial occlusion and clutter. This paper proposes a Parzen window based mean shift tracker for visual object tracking. It combines three RGB color histogram and generates its Kernel Density estimation using Gaussian Kernel. Parzen window density estimation method is used to solve the basic problems of mean shift like, divide by zero problems in the weight computation and its association to tracking interruption. The Parzen window interpolates the histogram of target candidate. The experimental results show that proposed method performs better than traditional mean shift for fast moving objects and objects having background clutter at moderate increase in computational complexity.

Power has been an important issue for the present day microelectronic circuits of Soc designs. In the entire phase of design controlling power and dealing with power dissipation is very important. There are six leakage components in a MOS transistor. About 50 % of the total power consumption is through leakage components alone. Out of this 40 % power dissipation is through transistors. Out of them subthreshold leakage and gate leakage are of important concern for sub 100 nm devices. In this work we presented the main leakages in a 6T- SRAM cell. Later we presented an existing variable body biasing method and its performance. We proposed two novel methodologies HSVR, GSVE to reduce the subthreshold and gate leakage components. These methods are toplogy based leakage reduction methods applied for leakage reduction in the circuit level. We observed considerable reduction of both the components through the proposed methods.

For high bit rates and long haul optical communication systems using a single-mode fiber, a modulator with low chirp and small size are demanded. An electro-absorption modulator is very attractive because it has some advantages of not only low chirp and small size but also the elimination of polarization control through monolithic integration with a distributed feedback (DFB) laser. The modulation bandwidth of traditional lumped electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) is usually limited by the RC time constant, but the effective resistance R and capacitance C are not easily extracted for advanced device geometries. This paper has presented the important transmission characteristics of EA modulators such as transmission performance efficiency, insertion loss, extinction ratio, , over wide range of the affecting parameters for different selected electro-absorption materials to be the major of interest.

To attain large information rates, multi user detection (MUD) is a well-built aspirant for the downlink of cell phone communications. However, while transmitting any signal over fading channel, the performance of any system is highly affected. For that reason, Multiuser detection (MUD) and channel estimation play a significant function for overcoming the interference and characterizing the channel. In previous cases, this is developed by using many kinds of algorithms. But in this Paper BPSK modulation technique was introduced for multiuser detection due to the drawbacks of those algorithm. The objective of this BPSK modulation is used to minimize the error rate of the user transmitting signal. In this, the user detection complexity and the interference of user transmitting signal are resolved. Since the detection complication and the required time are concentrated. In general, we make use of many types of filters namely, linear filters, nonlinear filters etc. here we are going to implement with adaptive filters. By using nonlinear filters we get narrow bandwidth responses and by using linear filters we get interference and BER is also high. So by using adaptive filters we overcome these drawbacks. The goal of adaptive filters is to improve synchronization and capacity by reducing interference between users. Adaptive algorithms improve the feasibility of multi user receivers.