Applied Chemistry

The proximate, mineral, vitamins and phytochemical compositions of a sample of pili fruit kernel have been investigated. The result revealed low values of ether extract (12.77±0.3%), crude fibre (4.72 ±0.2 %) and a very low crude protein value of 3.94 ±0.002.. It has a high value of carbohydrate (65.91±0.7%). The calculated metabolizable energy value (1659.94KJ/100g) shows that pili fruit kernel flour is a good source of energy. The pili fruit kernel has high values of the essential mineral elements: sodium (158 mg/100g), potassium (513 mg/100g), calcium (230 mg/100g), magnesium (365 mg/100g) and phosphorus (131 mg/100g) as well as the trace elements: iron (229.75 mg/kg), zinc (72.01 mg/kg), copper (121.75 mg/kg) and manganese (156.25 mg/kg).These values indicate that pili fruit kernel is a very rich (good) source of dietary minerals. The Ca/P (1.75) and Na/K (0.308) ratios have favorable health implications. The pili fruit kernel sample has high values of vitamin A (455.1mg/kg), niacin (8.50mg/kg), riboflavin (5.50 mg/kg) but low values of thiamin (1.25 mg/kg), vitamin C (8.60 mg/100g) and vitamin E (8.98mg/100g). The pili fruit kernel sample has high values of alkaloid (3.94±0.008%), flavonoid (4.82±0.003%) but low values of saponin (0.62±0.05%) , tannin (0.28 ±0.001 mg/100g), cyanogenic glycoside as HCN (0.52±0.002mg/kg) , phytate (0.02±0.0007%) and trace amount of trypsin inhibitor.

With the consideration of minimizing the problem of water pollution, it is necessary to clarify the industrial waste water at the place of its generation point by some chemical or biological treatment method. During present study the low cost material fly ash i.e. the waste of thermal power station which itself produce pollution of environment is used for purpose of water pollution control. Fly ash with specific surface area of 6177.15 cm²/gm is used as a clarifier to the combined waste water of Sugar mill at room temperature. The different dosage of fly ash is kept in contact for 24 hours, then they will analyzed before and after treatment. The results of COD removal follow the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

The wide application of organotin compounds have caused considerable amounts of these compounds to enter the different ecosystems. Organotins have been of environmental concerns due to their direct introduction into the environment, bioaccumulation, and toxicities even to non-target organisms both aquatic and terrestrial. They are notable sources of pollution and may be of ecotoxicological effects on the various ecosystems. It is not only the particular organisms that may be affected but the whole ecosystems. They are very persistent and bioavailable to biota even after a long time. The persistence of organotins in polluted ecosystem is a function of adsorption and degradation processes. Hence, this review which aim at providing an overview of the environmental persistence of organotin compounds.

The effects of stress ratio on the fatigue crack propagation of the 6061 T6 alloy aluminum with a thickness of 5 mm were investigated at room temperature. The fatigue crack growth rates were studied at stress ratios of 0.1with stress range, Ds=80 MPa using centre cracked-tension specimen M (T). The results are expressed in term of crack tip stress intensity factor range that was derived from linear elastic theory. From the collected data, the fatigue crack growth versus stress intensity factor range was plotted. It was obtained that the overall stress intensity factor range is within 6 to 19.5 MPaÖ m, and the value of fatigue crack growth rate is within 10^-7 to 10^-3 mm/cycle. For R=0.1 the stress intensity factor range is within 8 to 19.5 MPaÖ m, and the value of fatigue crack growth rate is within 10^-6 to 10^-4 mm/cycle. Finally, the value of (m) and (C) were determined from the graph using the Paris Law equation. The results showed that the increase in continuous crack length and load cycle will result to the acceleration of fatigue crack growth. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to check the microscopic of fractured surface. From the fractography analysis, the material fails in ductile fracture. Hopefully this collection data’s will used as reference to the next researcher.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. Alloy conductivity increase with magnetic field strength in the case of applying a magnetic field horizontally with the electrons movement direction once and vertically in another. Alloy electrical conductivity decreases with irradiation time when applying a magnetic field horizontally with the electrons movement direction once and vertically in another. Alloy conducutivity decreases with irradiation time by applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another. Magnetic field intensity increases with temperature when applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the electrons direction in the alloy once and vertically in another.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. When a magnetic field applied vertically with the direction of alloy, the resistance is higher than in case of applying it horizontally. The increase in radiation time will increase the alloy resistance. The increase of resistance will increase temperature in case of applying the magnetic field in vertical direction. The increase in resistance, the temperature approximately satiable.

The molten salt electrolytes from which the polyvalent active metals are extracted are strongly structured at unusually long distances that increase the energy consumption of the electrowinning cell. Under influence of strong electrical pulses they are transferred to a non-equilibrium state with modification of the structure and intensification of electrochemical properties. The observed regularities in the electrolytes activation are due to stimulated dissociation of complex ions on the simpler and more mobile complex and elementary ions. This is confirmed by the disappearance of characteristic Raman peaks when the melts are activated. During the relaxation process in the non-equilibrium melts their electrochemical parameters and Raman peaks are seeking to recover their equilibrium values and pattern. All the observed regularities of the duration and the dynamics of the relaxation in non-equilibrium melts show that we definitely have deal with the structural relaxation in ionic.

Structural characterization methods in Inorganic Chemistry are tools that lead every synthetic chemist to the final destination of synthesis. Therefore, in this article, the various methods of elucidating newly prepared ligands and the corresponding complexes are discussed. The methods, ranging from spectroscopic to non-spectroscopic have been discussed in principle, functions and uses.

New VO(IV), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of the Schiff bases, 2-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ylimino)methyl]-5-nitrophenol (HL1) and 3-[2,4-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ylimino) methyl]napthalen-2-ol (HL2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The purity of the ligands is confirmed by microanalyses and 1HNMR. The IR spectra show that the ligands are bidentate coordinating via azomethine N and napthalenol/phenol O atoms, and the metal complexes of HL1 exhibit geometric isomerism being in the Cis-form with a lone vC=N band. The metal complexes all assume a 4-coordinate tetrahedral/square planar geometry with exception of the VO(IV) complex which is 5-coordinate square-pyramidal as corroborated by electronic spectra. None is an electrolyte in nitromethane. The Schiff base, HL2, and its metal complexes have higher molar absorptivities of the ligand bands than HL1 and its metal complexes; due to a closer metal to ligand overlap, a consequence of extended conjugation in the naphthalene ring. The in-vitro antibacterial activities of these complexes and their Schiff bases against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows that HL1 and its metal complexes are more active than HL2 and its metal complexes, and the latter compounds have selective inactivity against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella oxytoca. It is note worthy that [CoL1]2 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity like the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (26.0-30.5 mm), although with smaller inhibitory zones in the range 12.5-17.0 mm.

Cobalt(II) complexes with 2,4-pentanedione, salicylaldehyde and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-Naphthyl)-1,3-butanedione(tfnb) as primary ligand, ethylenediamine, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline as secondary ligand have been synthesized and characterized by metal analysis, infrared, electronic spectral studies, conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements and antimicrobial studies. The conductivity measurement in nitromethane indicates that the complexes and adducts are non-electrolytes while the different shifts of the carbonyl frequencies were revealed by the infrared spectral measurements. The electronic measurements are indicative of a probable six-coordinate octahedral geometry for all the cobalt(II) compounds except [Co(tfnb)2] with a probable four-coordinate square planar geometry. The ligands and the cobalt(II) compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against ten microorganisms. [Co(tfnb)2Bipy] and [Co(tfnb)2en] showed more promising antimicrobial than antifungal activity.