Applied Chemistry

Cancer is a hyper proliferative disorder marked by metastasis into the vital organs of the body through invasion and angiogenesis. Biodegradable nanoparticles have been used frequently as anti-cancer drug delivery vehicles due to its splendid bioavailability, better encapsulation, and control release with less toxic properties. Various nanoparticulate systems, general synthesis and encapsulation process, control release and improvement of therapeutic value of nano-encapsulated cancer drugs are covered in this review. We have highlighted the impact of biodegradable polymer such as PLGA, PLA, chitosan, gelatin, polycaprolactone and poly-alkyl-cyanoacrylates in the formulation of nanoparticles for encapsulation of cancer drugs. Hence in the current review a detailed studied has been done for the delivering of cancer drugs effectively using biodegradable polymers.

Approximately 750,000 multi-family housing units experienced roofing problems due to fire-retardant-treated (FRT) plywood sheathing failure since 1985 until 1995. The problem is caused by excessive exposure to solar radiation. Plywood is not safe because it contains glue that may be toxic, harmful to life and human skin when exposed to ignition. The aims of this research built on modifying plywood to be fire resistant. Thus, the sol - gel technique was applied to prepare a new fire-retardant coating containing different volumes of H3PO4 (0, 0.3, 0.7, and 1.1 ml) to protect the plywood from ignition. The flammability properties of the different coated samples evaluated by the following measurements using standard methods: limiting oxygen index (LOI), ignitability and thermogra¬vimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that, the highest flame retardant LOI obtained at H3PO4 1.1ml reaching ? 150% relative to the un-treated; these results are supported through ignitability and thermogravimetric analysis.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. The increase in temperature will lead to reduce electrical conductivity. The increase in input power causes an increase in output power. The increasing in magnetic field intensity will increase alloy efficiency. The increase in radiation time will increase alloy efficiency. The increase in magnetic field intensity in the presence of radiation will increase the alloy efficiency.

The nutrient and anti- nutrient compositions of the raw and cooked species of Cucurbita maxima fruit consumed in the eastern part of Nigeria were determined. The proximate compositions of the fruit samples showed that the fruit was high in moisture (87.1±0.38%) but low in protein (1.87±0.1%), fat (0.8±0.62%) and carbohydrate (3.96±0.17%). The low fat and protein contents appear to be a common feature of the fruits of the Cucurbitacae family. The fruit of C. maxima sample was found to be poor in the mineral elements. However, it had higher values of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus but very low values of potassium and sodium. The compositions of the mineral elements were also reduced after boiling. The fruit sample had low values of vitamins A (42.39±1.05 mg/100g), E (14.25±0.18 mg/100g) and C (25.67±1.27 mg/100g). Vitamins A and E were not significantly affected by boiling. The fruit sample was found to be rich in some phytochemicals with established medicinal values as well as some anti-nutrients (tannins, HCN and oxalates). However, boiling which is a normal food preparation technique was found to be able to reduce these anti-nutrients to safe levels.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. When a magnetic field applied vertically with the direction of alloy, the resistance is higher than in case of applying it horizontally. The increase in radiation time will increase the alloy resistance. The increase of resistance will increase temperature in case of applying the magnetic field in vertical direction. The increase in resistance, the temperature approximately satiable.

Thiamine hydrochloride (VB1) has been used as an environmentally benign catalyst for one pot synthesis of 14-aryl-4H-dibenzo[a, j]xanthenes derivatives by the three-component reaction of two equivalants of ?-naphthol and aldehydes at 1100C under solvent-free conditions. Various type of aldehyde bearing electron donating as well as electron withdrawing substituents underwent smooth reaction under the optimized reaction conditions and products were obtained in good to excellent yield.

The research is to investigate the denitrosation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by the mitochondrial fractions (MF) and post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF) of liver, kidney, spleen and testes of rats and to determine the level of toxicity in these organs. In the first part of the work, a group of male albino rats (5 rats) was used to obtain the organs whose homogenates were used for the Kinetic experiments. In the second part, two groups were used. One group was group was treated with 2.5mg/kg NDMA twice per week for four weeks, while the other group was the control. The organs obtained from the rats were used for histology and biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and GGT). In the four organs, the level of nitrite was found to be higher in the MF than PMF. The (Km) values of denitrosation were lower in the MF than the PMF. The Km values for the MF of the kidney, spleen and testes were calculated to be 0.005, 0.004, 0.004 and 0.005 ?M, respectively, while the Km values for the PMF were calculated to be 0.013, 0.025, 0.007 and 0.033 ?M, respectively. The activities of ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum and liver were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the NDMA-treated rats than controls. Histology showed the presence of shrunken hepatocytes in liver, interstitial cellular infiltration in kidney, lymphoid depletion in spleen, and severe subcapsular congestion in the testes of NDMA-treated rats, compared with controls. This research shows that NDMA denitrosating enzymes in the MF have greater affinity for NDMA than the same enzymes in the PMF, It also shows that NDMA at a low dose could induce toxicity in the spleen, kidney, testes, as well as liver.

The synthesis of non-electrolyte mixed-ligand complexes of the general formula [M(Hdmg)B], Ni(II), Hdmg=dimethylgloximato monoanion, B=2-aminophenol(2-aph), diethylamine (dea) or malonic acid (MOH) has been synthesized and characterized. However theoretical calculations were carried out to obtain the geometric and thermodynamic parameters, vibrational and electronic parameters, dipole moments and HOMO-LUMO band gaps of the complex with different substituents. These properties were obtained using the PM3 and DFT with B3LYP at 6-31G* level. Comparisons were made on the calculated bond length, bond angle, dihedrals and vibrational frequencies and it was observed that the calculated data are in good agreement with experimental data.

7-Hydroxy-8-allyl-2H-3-chromene carbaldehyde and m-CPBA in chloroform on heating to gave 8-hydroxymethyl-8,9-dihydro-2H-furo[2,3-h] chromene-3-carbaldehydes(3a-d) and 2H-3-chromenecarbaldehyde reaction with malononitrile to gave 9-amino-6H-benzochromene-8,10-dicarbonitriles (6a-d) in good yields.

Early studies on the adsorption and ion exchange potential of coconut coir dust (Cocos nucifera L.) has great proficiency for removal of trace metal ions from waste water and industrial effluents. Several factors influence the process of waste water detoxification by agricultural biomass. In this paper the effect of temperature on the extent of adsorption of this metals by unconventional adsorbent is being monitored for Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous solutions. The results show increase percentage adsorption with increase in temperature for all the metal ions indicating an endothermic reaction. It was also observed that the average enthalpy adsorption 0 and K0 increased with increase in temperature for all the adsorption of metal ions on the adsorbents indicating an endothermic process. The values of 0 were greater than +20kj/g/mols for most of the adsorption which supports chemisorption reaction. It was observed that the effect of temperature was more pronounced on the adsorption of the metal ions on the modified coir extract viz; CTR and STR, than the unmodified coir dust. This shows that the CTR, and STR adsorbents were more efficient at higher temperatures than the coir dust.