Applied Chemistry

Characterization and phytochemical screening of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust was carried out. Studies were carried out on the extraction and characterization of unmodified coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir using water, acetone, acetone/water (70/30), (50/50) respectively. The percentage extract decreased in the following order:  acetone/water (70/30) > water > acetone > acetone/water (50/50). Amount of extract obtained from a fixed mass of coir dust increased with decreased particle sizes: 150µm > 300µm > 600µm for all solvent systems. The amount of extract obtained using water as extractant increased with increase in volume in the order of:  400mL > 200 mL > 100 mL of water. Characterization of unmodified coir dust reveal the moisture, ash, lignin, cellulose contents and pH of aqueous solution as 25.20%, 9.0%, 53.5%, 35.99% and 6.4 respectively. Phytochemical screening of acetone coir extract for the presence of active ingredients such as tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, phlobatannins,  and also reveals the absence of saponins, anthraquinones.

In this research, isolated group of natural pigments of vegetarian cinnamon, sugar(Beta Vulgaris), and used extracts as indicator acid - base were compared with common indicators , such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein, and the results showed a consensus in the extent of the change chromatography was used as extracts to prepare papers chromatography paper (PC) is similar to the leaves Sunflower (litmus paper). And the study of the infrared spectrum of the active substances isolated from vegetable, sugar (Beta Vulgaris ) and cinnamon.

Physico-chemical properties of ink particles have an important role in deinking using either washing or flotation processes. To study such properties, turbidity, zeta potential and surface tension techniques were used in this research. In this work, oleic acid and xylanase are used as surface modifiers for the ink particles. The results show that addition of enzyme alone to the ink suspension and due to its adsorption on ink particles, increase ink dispersion. This will facilitate separation of ink using washing process. On the other hand, the addition of enzyme-oleic acid blend to ink suspension reduces the electronegativity of ink particles. This will make the ink particles to flocculate and facilitate its adhesion to the negatively charged air bubbles during the flotation process. It is expected that this fundamental knowledge will lead to process technology improvements in the deinking of office wastepaper.

New heterogeneous and catalytic systems were obtained and their activities were further studied to ensure process of a demercaptanization (mercaptan removal) of oil and oil products. Kinetic regularities of a process were researched. The kinetic model and the mechanism of a demercaptanization of an ethyl mercaptan as a model reaction with participation of organic ligand catalyst deposited on clinoptilolite So-Fe, Mn-Fe is suggested by this study.

Hydrazone compounds derived from 2–Amino –5–chlorobenzophenone. The structures of the compounds are purified and characterized by means of TLC, melting point, IR, 1H NMR spectral data. The antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi was studied. The result of preliminary biological tests showed that of these compounds possess biological activaties.

With the consideration of minimizing the problem of water pollution, it is necessary to clarify the industrial waste water at the place of its generation point by some chemical or biological treatment method. During present study the low cost material fly ash i.e. the waste of thermal power station which itself produce pollution of environment is used for purpose of water pollution control. Fly ash with specific surface area of 6177.15 cm²/gm is used as a clarifier to the combined waste water of Sugar mill at room temperature. The different dosage of fly ash is kept in contact for 24 hours, then they will analyzed before and after treatment. The results of COD removal follow the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

This work aimed to apply a thermochromatic polymer based on 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) monomer as a temperature sensor. This polymer has specific chemical structure enabling it to vary its color parameters, namely CIE L (brightness), a (red-green) and b (yellow-blue), with the temperature transitions. These color parameters were calculated in accordance to the American standard ASTM number E308-2001. All changes in the temperature were found to be easily tuned with the visual color and the color difference (DE). These changes were found to be recyclable and reversible in the studied temperature range of 25-105^oC with regression factor equals unity.

Ni-Al₂O₃-Cr metal matrix hybrid composite coatings were developed in a conventional Watt electroplating solution, containing suspended nanoparticles of alumina and chromium. The characterization of the composite layer was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) facilities. SEM, XRD and EDX studies showed that a novel hybrid Ni-Al₂O₃-Cr metal matrix composite (MMC) coating formed successfully on a pure copper substrate with about 11.5 % and 4.4 % vol. Al₂O₃ and Cr dispersed nanoparticles respectively. A texture modification and grain refinement were found in composite layers. The incorporation of nanoparticles of Al₂O₃ and Cr changed the preferential nickel growth orientation from (220) to the (200) plane. The SEM studies on the morphology of a Ni- Al₂O₃-Cr composite surface illustrated that the nickel column growth slowed down in the composite film and the composite coating had a more condensed and smoother surface compared to pure nickel coatings. The mean grain sizes of the pure nickel and composite coats were determined as 103 and 19 nm respectively. The SEM micrographs showed that the nano particles were uniformly dispersed in the electrodeposited nano-structured Ni matrix and the alumina particles agglomerated in sizes of above 100 nm. The micro-hardness and wear resistance test results showed a remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties of the electroplated nickel by creating a nano composite structure of Ni-Al₂O₃-Cr.

Depending on the reaction conditions of palladium with tetramethylethylenediamine, first obtained and studied individual and mixed ligands with different composition and structure. Depending on the process conditions, one or two molecules of the tetramethylethylenediamine bidentate coordinated and form a five-star metalchelate cycle. In another obtained cation - anion complex ligand protonated in type of doubly charged cation and organizes the outer sphere of the complex. In the mixed ligands complex of 4 amino pyridine are having the effect of trans influence occurs forced cis-coordination. The study of the biological activity of the synthesized complexes has yielded positive results.

Flyash particles are formed during the combustion of coal at very high temperature (above 1500⁰C); it contains some ions as Iron, Aluminium, Silica in their oxide form. It also contains Glass particle along with Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Se, Pb, Zn, Fl, Hg, particles. Heavy metals from industries are known to have adverse effect on the environment. Similarly, fly ash coming from power plants also has adverse effect on every organism. It was observed that Spirogyra was not found in fly ash discharged water pond while it was present in all the nearby water bodies. ,disasterous effects of heavy metals present in flyash may be the reason. Thus, our present study is mainly focused to elucidate the effect of fly ash on green filamentous algae Spirogyra. It was already found that Microtubules are very sensitive especially to the presence of Cd ions (P. P?ibyl, V. Cepák and V. Zachleder,2008), depending on the Cd concentration present in fly ash and to the time of exposure the disintegration was seen. Microtubules got disintegrated into short fragments or some even completely disappeared.