Biosciences

Totally 120 numbers of the fungal isolates includes dermatophytes, non dermatophyte molds and candida has been tested for their susceptibility pattern to eight different antifungal drugs. Disc diffusion method has been followed to study their susceptibility pattern. The fungal isolates varied in their antifungal susceptibility pattern to the tested anti-fungal drugs. Some of the antifungal drugs which were not acted against candida isolates, found to shown their antifungal activity to dermatophytes and non dermatophytic molds. From our study we can conclude, that the necessities of doing anti-fungal sensitivity test for each fungi isolated from the fungal infections. In view of effective treatment, we can suggest that the periodical surveillance of the antifungal sensitivity of the fungal isolates which are primarily isolated from the clinical specimens, since they vary with their sensitivity pattern to the commercially available antifungal drugs.

Wood properties of plantation grown (Mangifera indica L.) were evaluated in this study to determine the utilization potentials of this species in Nigeria. Five standing trees of Mangifera indica, were sampled at the butt, 50% merchantable length ML and 75% ML, and were radially partitioned into corewood, middlewood and outerwood, on the basis of distance from pith. Result obtained was analyzed using ANOVA at 5% level. MOR, MOE and MCS// decreased generally from base to top for all the sampled and variation in MOE was inconsistent. All properties studied increased from corewood to outerwood. The mean modulus of rupture (MOR) was 25.88N/mm2 which ranged 18.73 to 31.88 N/mm2 radially and the axial values ranged from 23.30 to 25.29 from 32.89 N/mm2.The mean modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 4628.20 N/mm2 and ranged from 7135.20 to 3665.60 N/mm2 radially and axially ranged from 4077.90 to 7334.20 N/mm. The mean maximum compressive test (MCS//) parallel to the grain was 13.00 N/mm2, it ranged from 11.50 to 18.0 N/mm2 radially while axially ranged from 11.30 to 14.60N/mm2. In particular, it was observed that Mangifera indica compared favourably with some economic tree species such as Chrysophyllum albidum, Hevea brasiliensis, Antaris africana and Hildergedia barteri but lower than those of economic tree species such as Milicia excelsa, khaya species, e.t.c. Woods of Mangifera indica varied significantly along and across the bole, and should be treated as such in their conversion and utilization. The wood is good in the production of low-to-medium items such as cabinet, chair frames and plywood production.

Valin is a type of amino acid which is essential for growth of the living organism. I have monitored the IR ,Raman & electronic absorption spectra of the valine molecule in solid form.The IR spectra has been observed in the range 4000 -400 cm-1 in the solid as well as liquid form. Similarly Raman spectra of the same molecule has also been monitored under the same range . The electronic absorption spectra has been monitored in the range 400-200 nm. In this paper we have made the several assignment of observed peaks. There are some new peaks has been found ,which were not reported by earlier workers .

Asthma is a respiratory disease that is common in Saudi Arabia and characterized by sporadic occurrence of bridge, chronic inflammation of the airways involving recurrent airflow obstruction and increased responsiveness to a variety of stimuli. Recent research suggests that airway inflammation is the most cause of the episodes of airflow limitation in asthma which lead to increase oxidative stress. This imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant has been increasingly recognized as a big factor contributing to the chronic inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the role and origin of the oxidant-antioxidant disturbances that participate in the pathophysiology of airway inflammatory diseases. We have updated existing information about effects (effects of oxidants in the lung) of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the lung including the mechanisms of their damaging effect. The first section focuses entirely on the symptoms, the types and stages of bronchial asthma. The second section investigates the role of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in disease progression of asthma. The last section outlines the therapeutic value of available antioxidant herbals and vitamins that could improve oxidant-antioxidant balance in bronchial asthma disease.

This research is the analysis of the erosion and degradation of specific annual average watershed feeding the old dam seriously threatened by the phenomenon of siltation of western Algeria and covering area of 7685 Km2 various lithological formations. The importance of suspended sediment resulting in a rapid filling of the reservoir, significantly reducing the life of the dam. Discontinuity or absence of vegetation cover promotes surface runoff due to the high rainfall intensity. It seems clear that the evolution of the siltation dam is given as a function of several parameters that are geology, lithology and flow regime and vegetation cover. It is therefore important that the rainfall intensity and violence of flood relief very little vegetation cover causes very pronounced erosion in the watershed of western Algeria. For this purpose the objective of this work emphasizes Galton's law for estimating the different flood several years Used the law significantly reduces the sampling error. This allows us a more accurate estimate of the probability level observations. Keywords: erosion, hydrology, flood, statistics, Mascara, Algeria

Cerebral palsy (CP) in children is a seriously disabling disease which is a threat to children's health and causes enormous emotional stress and financial loss to the affected families and the community. This study aimed to explore the association of IL-18 gene polymorphism with cerebral palsy by IL-18 genotyping. This was a case-control study that used DNA from 120 children with cerebral palsy and 120 control children to test polymorphisms in exon-4 and exon-5 of IL-18 gene. A polymorphic site in exon-4of IL-18 gene,A105C, was significantly different in genotype distribution between case group and control group. Compared with type AC+CC individuals, type AA individuals were associated with lower risk for cerebral palsy. There was no significant difference in the possible polymorphic site in exon-5of IL-18 gene, G276A, between the two groups. Presence of polymorphism in IL-18 gene is associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy.

The present study was undertaken to obtain some reliable informations about the bio - medicinal values and the use of, especially the traditional medicinal use of the mangroves located at the villages near to Pichavaram sea shore. A short survey was conducted with the villagers. After planning , the study team was constituted , and the villagers were interviewed. The gathered informations were recorded. It was possible for us to share our views with the villagers and obtain the valuable informations about the medicinal use of the mangroves. From our attempt made on the short survey about the biomedicinal values of the mangrove plant species distributed at villages near Pichavaram sea shore, we came to know that the villagers totally depend up on the mangroves for their healthy life run. Pertain to the present study topic, we could able to understand that , these villagers traditionally using the mangrove to treat many of their health problems . Among various mangrove species located in different areas of the Pichavaram mangrove forest, Rhizophora apiculata, R.mucronata, Avicennia marina, A.officinalis and Suaeda maritima are the mangrove species often used by the villagers to treat their ailments.The Villagers have strong feel and sentiments on these mangroves , which is inseparable from them .

Water is one of the most valued natural resource and hence the management of its quality is of special importance. In this study an attempt was made to compare the aquatic ecosystem pollution with particular reference to the upstream and downstream quality of river water. Water samples were collected from Mogral River and analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. Healthy fish samples from the river basin were subjected to bacteriological studies. The direct bacterial examination of the histological sections of the fish organ samples were also carried out. Further, the bacterial isolates were taxonomically identified with the aid of MALDI-TOF MS. The physico-chemical parameters monitored exceeded the recommended level for surface water quality in the downstream segment. Results of bacteriological analysis revealed high level of faecal pollution of the river. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish species in the river also served as an indication of faecal contamination of the water body. Comparatively, higher bacterial density was found in the liver samples of the fish collected from the downstream, than in other organs of the fish collected from the upstream segment. Taxonomical identification revealed the presence of eight pathogenic bacterial strains from the fish samples, all of which represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health standard value adopted by the standard prescribed by World Health Organisation (WHO).

The importance of water as a vehicle for spreading diseases has long been recognized and many studies have demonstrated the relationship between illness and deficiencies in water supply and sanitation. This study was conducted between October 2008 and July 2009, to determine microbiological water contaminants and related human health problems in community water sources in Lower Nyakach division, Kisumu County. Water samples were collected in selected water points, analyzed using membrane filter technique and their level of microbiological contamination determined using Escherichia coli type I as bio-indicator. Household level surveys and key informant interviews were conducted and secondary data obtained from Pap-Onditi district hospital on cases of environmental and human health risks associated with water contamination. Data from field samples and survey were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Multiple comparisons between sites were made by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the student t-test. Statistical significance was assessed at p ? 0.05. The mean counts for faecal coliforms were lower than that of total coliforms in all samples in both dry and rainy seasons although the mean counts total coliforms were higher during the rainy season than the dry season. Water samples from water impoundments showed significant differencesin total coliforms compared to recommended WHO levels and no significant differences for faecal coliforms (a = 0.05). Water samples from shallow wells showed significance difference for faecal coliforms between three sampling sites (Pap-Onditi, Urudi and Bonde). From the survey and hospital findings typhoid fever and amoebic dysentery were the most common water-borne diseases in the study area. Faecal contaminated water possesses high human health risks which are responsible for the reported increased water-borne diseases. The study concludes that total and faecal coliforms are important parameters in monitoring faecal contamination and water quality in the area. Most of the community water sources are seasonal and largely contaminated. Consequently, frequent monitoring of water quality and levels of contaminants using total and faecal coliforms is recommended at common water points to curb potential health related risks.

The importance of oil seeds cannot be overemphasised, being a large store of energy in the form of fatty acids deposited in their tissues. This work was aimed at determining the physic-chemical properties and the lipid composition of Sesanum indicum. The sesame seeds analysed have acid and saponification values of 0.53 and 185.9 mg KOH / g of oil respectively and an iodine value of 105.12 g of I2 / 100g of oil. Percentage free fatty acids of 2.52, and kinetic viscosity at 40ºC of 4.8 were also obtained. In addition, trace amounts of trace amounts of butyric, caprioc, caprylic, capric, lauric and myristic acids which are short chain fatty acids were detected. Little amounts of myristic, palmitolic, linolenic, arachidolic and behenic acids of 0.13, 0.18, 1.01, 0.26 and 0.48% respectively were also detected. High amounts of palmitic and stearic acids of 11.49 and 8.124% respectively were obtained with significantly high amount of oleic and linoleic acids of 40.20 and 38.0% respectively. In contrast, trace amounts of longer chain fatty acids including erucic and lignoceric acids were detected. The result obtained also revealed high amount of saturated fatty acids of 32.06%, however the degree of unsaturation of the oil was greater. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils constituted 25.82 and 42.14% of the total fats respectively. The ratio of oleic to linolenic and omega 6 to 3 were 0.67 and 37.7 respectively. The above results imply that the Sesanum indicum is a valuable source of essential fatty acids.