Social Studies

This article investigates social trust- trust in other citizens- and its determinants in two cities of Iran. For this purpose, a model based on institutional theory of Rothstein and Stolle (2008) and Putnam's social capital theory was designed and tested. Variables extracted from the first theory include: feeling social security, discrimination experience, attitude toward corruption and institutional trust. Variables extracted from the second theory are membership in formal groups, membership in informal groups, components of socioeconomic status (education, income and job rank), using mass media, age as well as city of residence. Through cluster sampling 1200 individuals were randomly selected to contribute to the study. The results clearly indicate that the institutional theory is stronger to explain social trust than social capital theory. That is to foster social trust in a society primarily it is necessary to control destructive factors so that nurturing factors of trust are effective.

The study attempted to find out the impact of capacity building of teachers of Government Boys’ Primary Schools on classroom teaching. The objectives of the study were to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the capacity building initiatives for professional development of teachers in district Swat and to make recommendations for improving the current efforts of government and other agencies for capacity building of primary school teachers. Capacity is developed when individuals are motivated to use knowledge, skills and resources in order to enhance organizational objectives. An opinionnaire containing eleven statements was handed over to Head Masters, a questionnaire containing eleven questions were handed over to the teachers, who had received training and a checklist for classroom observation of 5th class students of 101 primary schools in district Swat. The relevant literature was reviewed, which provided indicators for development of tools. The data obtained were quantified and described. The results revealed that Head Masters could play more effective role for school effectiveness by developing clear vision; providing instructional feedback to teachers; effective monitoring and supervisory mechanism; setting a democratic environment conducive to teaching learning process and involving the stakeholders in decision-making. The results of the study further indicated that school effectiveness owed itself to capable Head Masters, committed staff, non-political intervention, a procedure of incentives and disincentives, positive feedback to teachers and last, but not the least, a continuous instructional supervision of what happened in classroom. The recommendations for improving classroom teaching required continuous on-the-job training, commitment of teachers to the teaching profession and improved pedagogical skills of teachers as well as updating classroom management.

The goal of this study was to evaluate Distortion Product Otoacoustic emissions in the normal hearing subjects regarding to the following variables; ear side & gender. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the ear side and gender on the distortion product Otoacoustic emission of normal hearing Iraqi population of age (21-30) years. The decision about whether a Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission is present often depends on a visual assessment of the response along with certain objective criteria, such as DP1 level (amplitude) and the signal-to-noise ratio of the response compared to the noise. DPOAEs were considered present when the signal was at least 3 dB above the corresponding noise level. In the present study, the overall SNR for each tested ear was more than 3 dB SPL at the overall frequency bands. The findings from this study revealed an ear asymmetry and gender effect on the parameters of the DPOAEs (SNRs dB SPL &DP1 level dB) in Iraqi subjects. Right ears were found to produce higher DPOAEs-SNRs than left ears and The DPOAEs (DP1 level dB) in the right ears was higher than that in the left ears .The minimum value of the whole Signal-to-noise ratio (SNRs) recorded for all tested ears was above 3 dB SPL over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz. The mean value of the whole SNRs in 56 ears was (10.53 dB SPL), ranged from 3.0 to 28.30 dB SPL. In females; the mean value of whole SNRs (11.27 dB SPL) was higher than that in males (9.8 dB SPL). The mean value of SNRs in the right ears female (11.38 dB SPL) was higher than that in the left ears female (11.16 dB SPL), while in male; the mean value of SNRs in the right ears male (10.08 dB SPL) was higher than that in the left ears male (9.52 dB SPL). The results show The minimum and the maximum value of the whole Distortion product (DP1 Level) recorded for all tested ears (56) was -10.7 and 25.6 dB respectively over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz. The mean value of the whole DP1 level in 56 ears was (6.50 dB), ranged from (-10.7 to 25.6 dB). In females; the mean value of whole DP1 Level (7.72 dB) was higher than that in males (5.28 dB). The mean value of DP1 level in the right ears female (8.22 dB) was higher than that in the left ears female (7.23 dB), while in male; the mean value of DP1 level in the right ears male (5.58 dB) was higher than that in the left ears male (4.98 dB).

Cheap is definitely cheerful. Included here are several designers and artists, who have turned their backs on the high prices of high fashion to make clothing and accessories out of the most abundant and inexpensive materials. In any single culture, the definition of what constitutes an extreme fashion may be agreed upon; but extreme fashion, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. Trash items such as attachments, extensions, tapes, plastics, cartons, paper, and wire could be starting materials for innovative extraordinary details and additions in clothing design. The objective of this paper is to develop strategic thinking in designing in order to achieve viable solutions for fashion designing. Design extreme ideas for give final shape by draping in three dimensional feeling to create fashion designs usage as source to new fashion trend, as fantasy clothing, and fashion windows display stores. Create ten designs using trash materials as a source of extreme fashionable designs.

A discourse marker (henceforth DM) is defined as a word or phrase that does not change the meaning of the sentence and has a somehow zero meaning. DMs are a set of linguistic items which create cohesiveness, coherence and meaning in discourse. An extensive body of research has examined DMs and their functions in different languages. Having considered the significance of this area of language and the fact that few studies have focused on DMs in local languages of Iran, the present study intended to target the different functions of Freidanian variety of Azeri Turkish DMs – ?ey, yani, and da– in an interview situation to compare them with those of Istanbuli Turkish corresponding DMs as the standard variety. To this aim, 12 native speakers of Freidanian Turkish were selected and their speeches were recorded for further analysis. Detailed analysis of the data revealed that ?ey primarily functions to signal the speaker’s need for a pause to plan and organize his/her next message. yani mostly functions to illustrate the speaker’s elaboration of previous utterances, and da can serve a discourse connective function with an additive or adversative sense. A preliminary comparison revealed that the functions manifested by these DMs in Freidanian Turkish are not so far from their corresponding DMs in the Istanbuli Turkish. However, compared to the Istanbuli variety, ?ey in our variety marked an additional function of derogation. In the case of da, other functions aside, this DM can serve to emphasize the action of the verb which is absent in Istanbuli Turkish.

Subject of this study the effect of exercise in the elderly depression Reduction of Iran. Topic of our method in this quasi-experimental research is descriptive. All statistics are elderly the community who live in the abode of the elderly are. This study, 300 samples were 300 elderly women and the elderly Iranian were selected randomly to test the pre-test and the test is. The choice of abode in the elderly has been chosen. Test tool in this study is that Beck is Standard Beck Depression Inventory test, and includes 124 questions based on 36 different aspects , In this study, we want to consider whether the exercise program in reducing depression tired and helpless these people will be effective. Statistical method used in this study, t-test method is for each time (pre-test and test) was performed separately.

This paper analysed the causes, genesis, development, and nature of migrant labour among the Nandi of Kenya. It employed the Materialism approach, the Pull-push theory, a qualitative design, purposive sampling, and one hundred respondents. It found out that land alienation, colonial land policy, the creation of African reserves, land scarcity in reserves, taxation system, changes in local production and trade, the population explosion in reserves. Also, forced-labour, colonial administration, sore relationships, prestige, selfish attitudes and poverty, pass system, veterinary quarantine and a decrease in wages and prices of stock contributed to labour migration among the Nandi.

Although the pervasive problem of child abuse and complex with many causes, we must approach towards prevention of failure to do will not receive. Despite the absence of evidence to guide prevention efforts, many doctors may attempt to prevent the abuse and at least shows the growing concern for parents or jobs and increase our efforts to improve their skills as parents or caregivers may help save our most vulnerable patients from abuse and neglect nightmare. There have been cases with a high degree child abuse going back decades, according to joint and several non-care organizations. Query followed by a commentator to say that signs of "beginning of modern political, professional and public interest in child abuse." This article about the different ways.

The phenomenon of alienation that Marx, unlike that of limited means, is not only of the economic structure, but also have been a widespread subjective and objective orientation in human and economic structure is a part of it. Alienation of Iranian society as a society in transition is a sociological problem. In the past decades, especially in the sixties that rapid social changes undermined the traditional values and customs, modernism dealing with traditionalism without being able to create conceptions and cultural identity created two-fold condition which the result can be considered as social- political alienation. Given the importance of the youth in this study followed by a discussion of the relationship between alienation from the political system, political participation, the use of local media, the use of foreign media, economic - social, age and gender as independent variables. social - Political alienation as the dependent variable we are. The results suggest that variable other than economic - social, there is a significant relationship between independent and dependent variables.

The central issue in this work is to examine the role the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) played in the 2015 Presidential election in Nigeria. To unravel this, we employed the historical and phenomenological method in our analysis and arrived at the finding that CAN ahead of the 2015 presidential election was divided along denominational and ideological lines and consequently could not speak with one voice. Given this finding, the paper maintains that the age-long denominational rivalry between the Catholic Church and Protestants is far from being over; hence the difficulty in arriving at a unanimous decision. The paper concludes with Darrel Lee that “the body of Christ can only thrive when believers work together in harmony” (Ehianu, 2007:119)