Social Studies

The society’s attitudes towards women’s occupation are positively changing. Over 68 % of statistical community of Iranian National Values and Attitudes strongly oppose the idea that women should only work at home having no right to involve in outside work., by scrutinizing the first 14 year-newspapers of post revolution in Iran, came to this conclusion that there is a pinhole of hope in attitudes towards women occupation in Iran because the optimistic disposition toward women’s employment has increased from 14 % in the first round (1979-1982) to 33 % in the second round (1983-1987) to 53 % in the third round (1987-1992) The investigation of women’s occupational status in governmental organizations indicates that in 1996 of all working managers in the governmental organizations only 3.14 % were female which declined to 2.98 % in 2001 (Women’s Participation Center, 2003: 3); that is, there is a large gap between the large number of educated women entering the occupational market looking for jobs and the desirable expected status. There is no balance in the economic and cultural structure of Iran; although women are more wiling to enter the governmental organizations, in spite of their higher education, they do not enjoy an equal position in occupations particularly in the governmental organizations and managerial posts (Vatan Parast, 2001: 72).

Market efficiency depends on several things such as stability, confidence, and the flow of accessible information in any country. Others also caution that one must be aware of social or transactional costs which persons grapple with in cases involving political and market settlements. This has to do with “time”, “money”, and the “effort someone loses” in obtaining what he wants during a controversy in the market or political system. This also entails that people should fight less in order to reduce “friction” instead of contributing to this in public matters. Thus, according to Economists, other costs, including search and information costs, bargaining costs, keeping trade secrets, and policing and enforcement costs, can all potentially add to the cost of procuring something from another party. When elections are encountering numerous problems such as they produce risk and uncertainty, economic success may be greatly hampered. Market transactions could be affected. Elections are very important activities, which help nations to elect their prime leaders and parliamentarians. So whenever problems occur due to risk and uncertainties that are involved, the nation in question could fall into pandemonium, which could lead to anarchy. The purpose of the study was to determine how behavioural and social factors cause certain conditions to prevail as a result of conflicts which result from political elections. The use of comparative method enabled the author to combine theories of neuroscience, psychology, microeconomics tools to investigate conditions that occasion these instabilities in elections. Results show that certain behavioural characteristics emerge that illuminate on how leaders perceive themselves in power that negatively influences the political system. The conclusion is that behavioural economics concepts could be utilised to aid leaders in the Third World to desist from certain tendencies which prevent some good governance principles to function in these societies.

 Colonialism has been conceived as a policy and practice of a strong power extending its control territorially over a weaker nation or people. So, a colonial territory is that political entity over which a stronger power exercises political control. From around the mid 19th to about the mid 20th century, what we know today as the Nigerian nation-state was a classical colonial territory. Without bothering to obtain their consent or allow indigenous centripetal leaders emerge, a stronger British power proceeded not only to extend its control over the territorial space, but railroad its diverse peoples and cultures into a commonwealth they neither understood nor bargained for. What followed was a struggle of one group against the other, or others, either to ingratiate itself with the colonizing power, or assert itself against its pretensions. When the later disposition failed or became forlorn, all groups settled more or less for the former. In the midst of this novel social setting, the various cultural norms of transparency and sublime modesty in public affairs began to give way for new social ethos of competition and graft. The emerging urban areas provided a perfect arena not only for the social contact of the various culture groups, but one that saw to the flowering of seeds of dichotomy and discrimination amongst the people. This paper seeks to situate the so-called “culture of corruption” in Nigeria within the colonial environment, and posits that the aphorism, ‘culture of corruption’ is actually alien to indigenous Nigerian peoples. It contends that if the current so-called ‘War against Corruption’ must be successfully pursued, then the sublime virtues of indigenous cultures need to be propagated and adopted as national ethos. Key words: Colonialism, Corruption, Nigeria, Indigenous Culture, National Ethos.

A flood is a natural event that can have far reaching effects on people and the environment. Put simply, a flood is too much water in the ?wrong‘ place. This study was examined the Effect of Flood Management on economic Growth of Somalia. The specific objective of the project was; first to examine, the effect of flood management for competence, strategies and policies on economic growth. The study took from May 2015 to June 2016. The target population of this study was 120 Farmers in Jowhar district, who have been affected by floods. The populations was chosen as they affected floods since 2013 and involved in Farmers, drivers, channel irrigation managers and local authority. The research instrument was survey questionnaires which were used to collect primary data. Questionnaires were used since the study is concerned with variables that cannot be directly observed. The sample size was significantly large (92) used by Slovings formula in a given time constraints, questionnaires is an ideal tool for collecting data The study use both qualitative and quantitative models to analyze data. Quantitative data was coded and entered into Statistical Package for social Scientist (SPSS Version 20.0) and analyzed using descriptive and explanatory statistics. Qualitative data was also analyzed on content matter of the responses and findings and recommendations presented. The correlation between Flood management competence indicated that a positive relationship existed between them This suggests that flood management competence was an important aspect in improving economic growth. The correlation analysis results in also indicate that Flood management strategies had a significant influence on economic growth The Karl Pearson‘s product moment coefficient of correlation suggests a strong relationship existed between the two variables. There was positive and significant effect of Flood management strategies on economic growth. There was also a positive and significant effect of Flood management on economic growth finally, there was need to determine whether there existed a significant relationship between authoritarian leadership and employee performance in Export Processing Zones in Kenya. The correlation analysis shows that a positive relationship exists therefore, it can be concluded that all the variables were significant to the study problem although the degrees of influence varied.

To combat violence against women (VAW) and help VAW victims access proper health care facilities, ensuring a gender-friendly health information system is of special concern. The experiences of VAW victims in accessing and availing proper clinical and psychological services are determined by many factors. Among many, the location or distance of the nearest health care services, availability of doctors, mindset of the husbands, in-laws and relatives, the economic condition of the victim?s family, duration of the treatment based on the severity of the injury are the main factors. Also, the naturalization of domestic violence against women in the grass-roots level is one of the major obstacles in engendering health information system in Bangladesh for which victims are not mostly being able to avail proper health care services. Creating awareness among community people and others involved in health care services and making them gender-aware has no other alternative.

This paper takes a closer look at how the components of the Expressive Arts; dance, drama, music, visual art etc., disclose enormous potential in effecting positive attitudinal and behavioral change in its users. This research explores creativity, as a potential for change in three different special needs Schools in Ghana. The study also juxtaposes the creative connections of Rogers, (2004) with the Expressive Arts to attain thriving results. The Expressive Arts are therefore potential teaching tools for intervention to achieve change and transformation in these users. In these creative processes, the children are encouraged to develop their artistic potentials regardless of their intellectual shortfalls to allow development to proceed so that, the innate latent capacities of these special needs children are extracted and improved raptly to achieve healing, empowerment and self- development.

The purpose of the study was to investigate managerial factors influencing churches to sponsor public schools in Turbo Division, Uasin Gishu County. The specific objective of the study was to establish the influence of managerial roles of church sponsors. The research question was; do managerial roles influence churches to sponsor public schools in the study area. The literature review was guided by the objective of the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design .The target population of the study was 97 public schools. The study involved 41 church sponsored schools involving 23 primary school and 18 public secondary schools. The respondents were school management committee, Head Teachers and Board of Management. Data was collected using questionnaires, oral interviews and observations. The data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Researcher presented data using tables and figures. The results from the principals indicated that; there is undue interference in the day to day running of the school by the sponsors, the sponsor also promote the unnecessary transfer of head teachers. The sponsors on the other hand constantly harass and intimidate the principals resulting in bad working relationship between the school and the community and finally the sponsor do not understand their mandate and respect the jurisdiction of the principals. The findings indicates that the majority of the public church sponsored schools administrators do not enjoy good working relationship with sponsors. It was recommended that the church sponsor should evaluate the academic qualifications of the persons nominated to the school management for competency.

Title: Model for reform Consumption Drug in chemical veteran Background: Drug is one of strategic goods and strategic goods are often deal with nutrition, defend & health of community and it consist of basic needs of community. Drug need in chemical ventures may undeniable but not having comprehensive knowledge about drug consumption in high risk patients may harm injuries hardly during time that one of its affects is living with intensive cares because of this reason this survey is aimed to study this rate of chemical ventures’ awareness about drug consumption and designing a model for reforming consumption. Objective: This research was aimed to study knowledge of drug consumption in chemical ventures in Nesar Direh village in the first half of 2009 solar year. Methods: This research is a case comparison study that has done with longitudinal method in the first half of 1388 in 80 chemical ventures of Nesar Direh village in Gillan-e-gharb area in Kermanshah province that separated this sample in 2 groups: 40 persons as intervened group and 40 as comparison one regarding with the same condition. Data was collected by research team with using conversation, observation, survey on documents such as medical descriptions, drugs, inpatient documents, drug basket and etc with using questionnaire and checklist that are designed by researcher (consist of 10 aspects) that is used after measuring it’s validity and reliability by professionals idea during 3 stages in 2 weeks and finally acceptance of university teachers. Finally data was analyzed with SPSS12 software and using descriptive statistics methods. Findings: findings are shown that the sex of comparison group is 18 men and 22 women and also the same in intervened group. Other details of both groups are shown in table 1. The rates of knowledge are the same in 10 aspects in both intervened and comparison group before intervention but after that this rate increased in 8 aspects but not increased in 2. Will fully drug consumption and using emergency drugs such as calming and conforming drugs are the uncontrolled factors during the research. Also the findings showed that there is significant meaning between the sex and consuming emergency drugs. Discussion & Conclusion: The results are shown that consuming drugs are critical now and guide to using maintenance system beside increasing knowledge of high risk injuries such as chemical ventures and designing a model for reforming consumption. Spending time leads Iran’s pharmaceutical system to critical path compare with other countries, in addition lead to exit money and increasing health expenses from GNP and this issue cause disability for inventing and making new drugs in Iran that are already made in the other countries.

Nigeria is a multi-ethnic nation with cultural differences between its component ethnicity groups. From the north to the coasts. The range in type of social system, minority allocation Federal character and Revenue allocation. This diversity has resulted into major problems namely: Problem arising between the larger ethnic groups and the hostility that derives from competition between peoples for wealth and power. This paper examines the political implication of the diversity and the problems created by it for the survival of Federalism in Nigeria by using secondary sources of information and made recommendations based on the findings of the study

One of the main tasks that Nigeria set for herself at independence in October 1960, in the area of foreign policy was the vigorous pursuit of the total decolonization of Africa and the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa. Nigeria firmly pursued and won these battles through finances, alliances, meetings and aid. The confidence which the African countries reposed in Nigeria resulted in conferring on her, the status of the continent’s mouthpiece. Indeed, the application of vibrant diplomatic skills in the pursuit of the task of decolonization by the Nigerian government could be aptly viewed from the efforts of the activist regime of General Murtala Mohammed between July 1975, and February 1976, which resulted in liberation of Angola from the claws of the Portuguese colonialism. Although the diplomatic engagements did not result in immediate economic gains for Nigeria, it strengthened Nigeria’s image as the “giant of Africa”. This paper assesses Nigeria’s diplomatic engagements toward Angola’s liberation and suggests that Nigeria should mainstream economic dimension in her diplomatic relations with Angola on the basis of national interest still focusing on her Afrocentric foreign policy posture for the good of the continent. The paper adopts a historical descriptive methodology.