Literature

Arabic literature has been always influenced by the different cultures in the history, and the introduction of Islamic and Quran have also influenced on the Arabic poems deeply, the poems have progressed in the light of Quran, and they turned into the most brilliant literature among the nations of world. Abdolah Ibn Ravah has been has been well-known in Islam career, he and his poems have been influenced by Quran, his poems are usually about the words, concepts, and the structure of Quran, and this study tries to reflect the concepts, and the structure of Quran, and this study tries to reflect the concepts, the sublime illustrations of Quran verses.

This study attempts to analyze Surrealism in Oldooz and the Crows, a short story written by the Iranian author Samad Behrangi. Surrealism is a cultural movement founded in 1920s by the French poet and critic Andre Breton. The surrealists favored in the function of the world of unconscious mind in integrating fancies and dreams to the phenomenal world in order to elaborate a higher reality. They also were interested in Freud's theories about unconscious mind and the power of free imagination especially in Children. Moreover, they insisted on the automatic writing avoiding regular artistic conventions and restrictive rule. In this regard, the researcher tries to discuss the imaginative freedom and childhood dreams propounded in Behrangi's short story Oldooz and the Crows to consider whether this literary work can be considered as a surrealist work or not.

SamuelBarclay Beckett, born near Dublin, took a degree at Trinity College (Dublin's Protestant University), but then went abroad and settled for good in Paris in 1937. He has lived in Paris ever since (Abrams, 1962). He wrote Footfalls in 1975. During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, no one's critical theory of writing dominated feminist criticism because feminist theory and criticism highlighted the personal allowing for diverse theories and approaches to textual analysis. According to Showalter, American feminism at that time was essentially textual; stressing repression, British feminism was essentially Marxist, stressing oppression; and French feminism was essentially psychoanalytic; stressing repression. (Bressler, 2007) By taking a biographical approach and analysing his mysterious "Footfalls", the main aim of this study is to provide well supported reasons that Beckett is a real psychoanalyst in Feminism. 

The shortcomings of Code model of communication have motivated the scholars of the field to adopt more adequate models including the inferential model and Relevance Theory which seem to be more appropriate ones (Gutt, 1992). Based on the fact that translation is expression of intentions and the act of reading it is recognition of those intentions, and the presumption that a considerable number of Farsi translations of English novels are not successful in this bi-lateral process (Mollanazar, 2001), this study was conducted in order to detect a number of impeding factors in that process as well as some procedures to avoid them. The researcher selected 10 sample excerpts from Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and 2 Farsi translations of each text. In the next step, 7 professors of Translation Studies were asked to analyze the selected excerpts and list the effort-increasing factors based on the criteria adapted from vandijk (1979). According to the results of the study at 2 levels of Phonology and Semantics there were specific factors which decreased the relevance level of the text. Considering the raters’ notes and analysing the excerpts, the researcher also proposed a number of instructions on the way such obstacles can be avoided in translation.

Transduction the alight of God`s essence on special people, and people who believe in it are called hlulyeh or transductionalism. This belief is one of Alhaq significant principles that believe in God`s transduction into seven holy bodies. Transductionalism has been divided into different branches and the oldest person who dealt with spreading these thoughts was Abdullah son of Sbast who believed in Ali`s divinity. In Islamic insight all of viewpoints that to some extent perceive God as an transductioner into natural creatures or into some of people is completely inoperative and off cast and most of mystics and sufis consider it incorrect and in conflict with God`s existence unity, and believe that transduction and dichotomy are dissimilar with unity and this unhallowed belief is originated from Hindi and Zoroastrian religions that has come to verity ethic.

Text messaging or texting is the process of sending short messages usually 160 characters from a mobile phone. The first text message was sent during 1989 but the arrival of the text message in the public domain was in 1992. This technology has brought a new style of writing called text messaging -or txtng- which is generally defined as shortening of the words. Not only all languages with Roman alphabet (like English) can use txtng, but also non-Roman-alphabetic languages like Persian have some form of texting language. For English, the general rule of texting is omitting the vowels but since Persian does not follow this rule, the process is rather different. The texting style in Persian is more like misspelling of words. Although texting in English is treated as misspelling as well, according to recent studies by researchers at Coventry University and the University of Toronto, English texting improves literacy. This paper aims to find the effects of texting on writing and literacy of Iranian. To this end, 60 Persian speakers -adults and teenagers- were asked to participate. After the analysis of their writings, we found that text messaging has a direct negative impact on the writing dictation and style of the writer.

The paper focuses on the struggle of women who aspire to be independent, achieve distinct position for herself and to get education, freedom and identity in the society. Manju Kapur's A Married Woman highlights Astha's struggle and survival as a new woman insisting on liberation from patriarchal social structure and thinking. She emerges as a free woman, destroying the chain of tradition. Kapur thus portrays the woman from different angle by placing her in the midst of socio-economic struggles.

This study aims at analyzing the relations between EFL learners’ locus of control, self-directed learning readiness and the choice of vocabulary learning strategies. The participants were 137 undergraduate students from Islamic Azad university- Rasht branch. Oxford Placement Test (2004) was administered to them in order to specify the homogeneity of the participants in terms of language proficiency. In order to measure the variables of the study self-report questionnaires of locus of control, self-directed learning readiness and vocabulary learning strategies were used. To achieve the purpose of the study spearman rank-ordered correlations, independent sample t-tests, two Man-Whitney tests, two-way factorial MANOVA, simple linear regressions and one-way ANOVA analyses were conducted. The results revealed that self-directed learning readiness positively correlated with both discovery and consolidation vocabulary learning strategies and that self-directed learning readiness’s levels predict the use of two types of vocabulary learning strategies.

This article presents a Bourdieuian reading of Isabella Whitney`s A Sweet Nosegay (1573) and offers some important insights regarding the social status of women in the patriarchal society of the Renaissance era. This study embodies two primary aims; firstly, to investigate women`s social status based on Bourdieu`s theory concerning cultural, social, and economic capital and secondly, to ascertain that both habitus and field have a central role in determining one`s social position. The research data for this study are collected using Bourdieu`s assumptions regarding women`s perspectives in society that, to some extent, are in line with theories of Hélèn Cixous and Elaine Showalter concerning “écriture féminine”. Taken together, this study confirms previous findings and contributes evidence that suggests whether or not women had experienced the renaissance of female consciousness in the sixteenth century. Keywords: A Sweet Nosegay, Ecriture feminine, Elaine Showalter, Hélèn Cixous, Isabella Whitney, Pierre Bourdieu.

This paper traces the colonial perspective in Amitav Ghosh’s The Glass Palace, a historical novel that presents the colonization of Burma and its impact on the royalty as well as the commoners. Post Colonial Literature is a body of literary writing that deals with the problems and consequences of the European colonization of the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The novel deals with the European greed and the cruelty of colonization as it unfolds over a period of hundred years of pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial Burmese history from the late 19th century to the end of the 20th century. It describes the effortlessness with which the country is captured by the British and the Burmese royalty deported to India and the aftermath of this incident in the lives of people. Through the life of RajKumar, the protagonist of the novel, the author unfolds the poignant accounts of people scattered through post- imperialist dislocation in various parts of the Asian Continent. The natives are presented as victims rather than foes of the colonizers. This paper presents the sordid reality of imperialism and its destructive effect on the social, psychological and ecological aspects of human life. The aspirations and disappointments of the colonized people are also brought forth as they try to ‘figure out their place in the world’