Literature

This study examines a survey and analysis of the wrong use of the past perfect tenses by students in essay writing. The survey became necessary because of the in-depth deficiency students exhibited in essay writing in West African Senior Certificate Examination (WASSCE) and National Examination Council (NECO). The respondents of the study consisted of final year senior secondary student for the WASSCE and NECO classes and respondents from High Impact Capacity Teacher Building Workshop. They were required to write an essay or composition titled ‘My Best Teacher’ on page I of High Impact Capacity Teacher Building Workshop. It was discovered that there were some similarities in the type of errors, especially in the area of past perfect tenses in the second composition: ‘My First Day in the School (page 48-50). (Taken from Countdown for WASSCE/SSCE, NECO, JME English Language (Ogunsanwo et al 2005).

The present research aimed to investigate the thematic concepts of lullabies as folk songs which have passed orally through generations. The themes are hidden ideologies of lullabies that carry cultural attitudes; in this regard, lullabies’ themes can reveal narrators viewpoints which originate from cultures and surrounding areas. Regarding the mentioned elements, the themes suggested by Homayuni (2000) considered as the appropriate model for data extraction using the comparative and descriptive method. The findings showed the same themes in lullabies of both Persian and British cultures; but, in spite of similarities between themes, they had different ways of expression. This is to say, similarities were found in the themes as the basic ideas and hidden layers of lullabies and differences were in their expressing ways as people attitudes.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of corpus-based instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ knowledge of idioms. To this end, 100 students from Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch whose major was English Language Translation, was given an OPT in order to homogenize them. Out of this, 60 students whose score fell one standard deviation below the mean was selected and regarded as intermediate students. Then, the subjects were randomly assigned into an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30). The students in both groups were given a pretest. The experimental and control group used the online British National corpus and a course book, namely Every day idioms for reference and practice, respectively. After the experiment, all the participants were given a post test. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between two groups in relation to dependent variable in pre-test (t58=1.58, p>0.05). The finding showed that the differences in pre-post test scores (2.92) clearly showed the efficacy of concordance in enhancing knowledge of idiom. It was showed that there were significance differences in knowledge of idiom between the groups in post test.

Tajikistan is one of the greatest poets and writers Mirza Tarson Zadeh great contribution in the field of literary creation in this part of Persian language and literature is extensive . Tarson Zadeh in 1911. Was born in 1977. He died in Dushanbah . In his works , humanity , equality, prosperity, freedom and patriotism is a special place. Tajik scholar capable of writing not just for artists and writers in contemporary Tajikistan , but all have been worthwhile.

In the realm of language teaching, corrective feedback and how to treat errors has a long and contentious history. On account of the controversial nature of this issue, whether and how to correct errors have given rise to numerous studies in this area in the domains of second language acquisition. Therefore, lots of researches have probed its role in language classrooms. This paper sheds light on various types of corrective feedbacks, reviews the main differential effects of various types of feedback, and the conditions determining the efficacy of them.

This paper discusses the phonemic changes that EkeGusii EkeGusii loanwords from English undergo in the process of being accommodated into the EkeGusii phonological system. The data used in the paper is from native speakers of EkeGusii and Optimality Theory (here after OT) is used in the analysis of the data. This paper is different from most papers of its kind in that it uses a constraint based theoretic framework unlike others which either do not use any theoretical framework or use rule based theories when they do . The paper focuses on vocalic and consonantal phonemic changes that EkeGusii loanwords from English undergo in order to be accommodated into EkeGusii phonological structure. For example, the paper analyzes whether English Phonemes maintain their features or phonemic status upon entering EkeGusii phonology given that some phonological processes such voice dissimilation affect EkeGusii and not English. The question the paper seeks to answer is; do these processes affect EkeGusii loanwords from English? For example, the English word tractor /tr?.kt?/ is nativized as /ke.ra.?i.ta/ [ke.ra.?i.ta]. As can be observed, there is voice dissimilation between [k] and [ r] and [?] and [t] in the nativized form. This is explained by Dahl’s law of dissimilation.

The Quest for Truth: History and Narration in Julian Barnes’ The Sense of an Ending

Learner`s mistakes and feedbacks proceed an error are two remarkable parts of learning procedure. Teacher should manage the class and know how to promote learners. This article aims to discuss the issue of feedback by providing arguments that feedback is helpful and language learners do need it. 150 participants who were intermediate Iranian EFL learners participated in this study. There were two groups one experimental, and another one control one. Then researcher had 50 participants and two groups. 25 of the participants assigned for control group and 25 for experimental participants. The researcher had 5 sessions for training, how to correct their mistake and how to write errorless or lessens writing. After 5 sessions they wrote 2 paragraphs. The researchers corrected their errors, collected data and compare them. The T-test analysis revealed that the experimental group out performed on post- test. The findings can be applied for teacher training, classroom teaching and language assessment.

In the world of today when visual and digital have taken over the young minds most of us a teachers of English resort to screening movies based on canonical texts to engage the minds as well as interests of our young students. However, it is a highly complicated and problematic area as most movies based on novels or even dramas as canonical as that of Shakespeare are adaptations. Further, transference from page to screen, from one medium to another, places a lot of aspects of the text at a tangent making it far from a simple practice. The present paper proposes to study the problematic of reading a text in cinema with reference to the movies based on Jane Austen novels. The aim is to show that whether the movie is an adaptation or a faithful rendering of the text, awareness on the part of the teacher and a sensitization of the students to the difference in medium are the pre requisites of this practice.

Allegory is a device in which characters or events represent or symbolize ideas and concepts. Allegory has been used widely throughout the history of literature, and in all forms of artwork. A reason for this is that allegory has an immense power of illustrating complex ideas and concepts in a digestible, concrete way. Therefore, in allegory a message is communicated by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. One of the contemporary Iranian authors who wrote stories benefited allegorical structure was Samad Behrangi. Although his stories seemingly suit for children, they are in fact deep in thematic meaning in a sense that makes them interesting for adults. As a writer sensitive to social, political and cultural situations, he used animals as the characters of some stories. One of the most eminent short stories written by him is Little Black Fish. This article attempted to demonstrate that this short story was a social and political allegory by focusing on its potential allegorical features.