Archives-October 2015

It is necessary to study the effect of different levels of utilization and Long-term exclusion grazing on the ecological structure in rangelands to better manage in the future. Therefore in this study, production, canopy cover, density, frequency and vitality of Artemisia sieberi, Stipa barbata and Eurotia ceratoides were considered (as important species in Irani Torani area) in grazing and grazing exclusion of Noudoshan rangelands in Yazd Province. Samples were 10 transfers and 40 1m2 quadrates randomly; and also 30 plants of each species were selected randomly and plant height, maximum and minimum diameter, canopy cover, vitality and weight of current year production by cut and weighted were measured. For determining distribution pattern, index of Dispersion (variance /mean ratio), Morisot’s index of Dispersion and Standardized were used. There is no significant difference between factors of production, diameter, height and canopy cover of Ar.si in grazing and exclosure grazing area but vitality was different significantly. St ba has significant difference between production, canopy cover, density and vitality (P<0.05) in the two grazing conditions, and canopy cover, density, production and vitality of Eu ce were increased in the grazing rangelands, but there was no significant difference (0.05< P). Grazing on Ar.si and Eu ce partly increased vitality and productivity; but St ba has high palatability in this rangeland, that is due to heavy grazing on it; therefore St ba’s power of life is reduced in the grazing area. Distribution pattern of Artemisia seiberi trends from random to uniform in long time grazing exclusion; but this trends from random to clump in the grazing. The distribution pattern of Eurotia ceratoides is clump based on the index of Dispersion and Morisita’s index and it is uniform based on Moristia’s Standardized Index and that doesn’t change in the exclosure grazing area. Distribution pattern of Stipa barbata is uniform. Artemisia Seiberi is increaser and Stipa barbata is decreaser. Importance value of Eurotia ceratoides has no significant difference between grazing and grazing exclosure areas; therefore this is resistant grazing and it can be used to improve steppe rangelands.

The aim of this investigation is examination relationship between financial ratios changes and stock returns changes in accepted companies in stock security exchange of Tehran. The statistical community of this investigation are accepted company in stock market of Tehran and the statistical sample is consist of 53 active company of different industries during 2007 until 2011. Hypothesizes/ theories are experimented by Smirnoff – calmogorof tests, independent and parsons cohesiveness. The findings indicate that there is significant and weak cohesiveness between cash ratios changes (current and quick ratios) and profitability ratios changes (grass profit/sail and profit/sail) with stock output in stock exchange. Finally, with attention to variable, the regression model is effective.

Nutrient status, availability, reachability are the basis of soil fertility studies in agricultural soils. The East Anglia experience evaluated soil nutrient dynamics from the following parameters: whole ecosystem and soil respiration, microbial carbon , soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil C:N ratio, soil temperature and soil water filled pore spaces. The following land management practices were evaluated: grassland under permanent pasture on 5 y ley before stocking; grassland under permanent pasture sown with red clover a y before stocking; grassland under permanent pasture treated with N fertilizer a y before stocking; arable land under barley; with deciduous woodland as control. Each site was replicated four times and revisited at each time of sampling. Whole ecosystem respiration was measured once a day per month with portable environmental gas monitor. At the same time soil samples were collected for actual measurement of soil respiratory activity in the laboratory; together with soil water filled pore spaces. Significant differences were observed in whole ecosystem and soil respiration amongst land management practices with grassland under permanent pasture treated with N fertilizer a year before stocking giving the highest whole ecosystem and soil respiration, 67.8 and 33.9 mmol m-2 h-1 respectively. Respiratory activity was highest over the summer months and lowest over the winter months. Whole ecosystem and soil respiration were dependent on soil microbial C (R2 = 0.6 and 0.73 respectively). It pays to get it right when land management and nutrient dynamics are at stake.

In the realistic situation, the total expenditure on the inventory may be limited to certain extent for a store house to maintain inventory of multiple items having independent ordering costs and holding costs. That is, less than a predetermined maximum permissible amount which may be vague to certain extent. In fact all the parameters in an inventory model are normally variable, uncertain and imprecise. These fuzzy variables like objective goal, costs and constraints are considered with linear and parabolic membership functions in fuzzy logic and the model is solved by fuzzy non-linear programming method using Lagrange multipliers and illustrated with numerical examples.

Present study aims to provide a thorough analysis of the various factors that are likely to affect tourism. The general perception is that terrorism is directly linked to the tourism industry and a rise in terrorism the security threat in Pakistan has resulted in the decline of the tourism industry. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to deal with the problem. The study analyzes the various factors effecting tourism and takes terrorism into focus. The concept is new and it surfaced initially during the 1970s. Through various research tools and techniques, we shall try to find the reasons behind the current state of affairs regarding the travel and tourism industry in Pakistan. The research aims to critically analyze the factors affecting the situation and to suggest a concrete solution to the problem through thorough analysis. The sample of the research consists of over 70 respondents that include the respondents from Pakistan as well as those from foreign countries. The research aims to provide a domestic as well as an international perspective on the state of tourism in Pakistan.

The metal complexes of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ 1,2,3-triazole mixed ligand have been synthesized. The synthesized complexes in different ratios have been characterized by element chemical analysis, molar conductance and Uv-visible and FTIR spectroscopic studies. IR spectra data suggests the involvement of sulphur and nitrogen in coordination to the central metal ions. On the basis of spectral studies and elemental analysis, a tetrahedral geometry was assigned for the nickel complexes while dimerization was suspected for cobalt(II) complexes. The free ligand and metal complexes were tested in vitro against a number of microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) in order to assess their microbial properties. They are found to be proactive against fungi and bacteria upon the metal complexes, nickel complexes performed better than the cobalt complees.

Class room management is a tool to set learning environment. Well managed class rooms make instruction easy and learning must occur. Study was designed to investigate the essentials of classroom management at pre- primary level by using stratified random sampling technique thirty teachers were selected as sample of the study. Results indicate classroom management is a complicated activity which needs a lot of effort it never happens by chance. Physical material need to be set in such a way that traffic in class room will not be effected. Conflicts and misbehavior should also address. Effective teaching strategies enable teacher to become learning facilitator at per-primary level.

An ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes, which communicate over radio. These networks have an important advantage; they do not require any existing infrastructure or central administration. Therefore, mobile ad-hoc networks are suitable for temporary communication links. This flexibility, however, comes at a price: communication is difficult to organize due to frequent topology changes. Routing in such networks can be viewed as a distributed optimization problem. A new class of algorithms, inspired by swarm intelligence, is currently being developed that can potentially solve numerous problems of modern communications networks. These algorithms rely on the interaction of a multitude of simultaneously interacting agents. A survey of few such algorithms for ad hoc networks is presented here.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that has widespread effects on individual performance and social. The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of life in patients with diabetes type 1 and non-diabetic individuals. The design of this research was ex-post facto. The sample consisted of all patients with diabetes type 1, who were members of Diabetic Association in the city of Ahvaz in 1390. The sample was selected by convenience sampling method. Among the patients who referred to the Diabetic Association, 50 type 1 diabetic patients and 50 non-diabetic relatives of clients who were matched for sex and education were selected. Then the Quality of life Questionnaire were distributed among these three groups. The data resulted from the research were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multivariate Variance Analysis Method (MANOVA). Results indicated that there were significant difference in quality of life between two groups (p<0.001). Also there is significant difference between groups in all areas quality of life. Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects patients' quality of life.

The study was intended to investigate effects of pre-task and online task planning on IELTS Task 1 Academic Writing grammar. Forty five Iranian prospective IELTS candidates were randomly placed in three groups of Pre-task planning (PTP), Online-task planning (OTP), and Control group. In PTP, the required structures were given to the participants before the introduction of the task and then participants were asked to write the task. In OTP, as the instructor was presenting the different parts of the task, he introduced the relevant structures as well. For example, he explained the introduction and immediately he presented the types of structures candidates were supposed to write. In the control group, no planning of any sort was presented. The one-way ANOVA for the Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA) showed that there was a highly significant difference between the performance of both PTP and OTP participants compared with those of the control group. Comparing the performance of PTP and OTP participants, however, it was shown that the former got higher GRA scores than the latter. The results of the study indicate that presentation of grammatical structure prior to the presentation of the task can help IELTS Task 1 candidates get higher scores.