Archives-July 2017

 The search for new NLO materials is a never ending process. Good quality Aluminium Nitrate doped Sulphamic Acid single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation technique. The unit cell parameters of the grown crystals were studied using single crystal XRD. The functional groups present in the grown crystal were identified by FTIR analysis. Optical behaviour of the grown crystal was investigated using UV-Vis-NIR studies. The thermal stability of the grown crystal was confirmed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA).The mechanical strength and Nonlinear optical property of the crystal were determined by Vicker’s Microhardness Test and Kurtz powder technique respectively.Nonlinear optical property of the crystal were determined by Vicker’s Microhardness Test and Kurtz powder technique respectively.

The development of polymer solar cells has improved power-conversion efficiencies from 3% to almost 9% in recent progress. Based on semiconducting polymers, these solar cells are fabricated from solution-processing techniques and have unique prospects for achieving low-cost solar energy harvesting, owing to their material and manufacturing advantages. The potential applications of polymer solar cells are broad, ranging from flexible solar modules and semi transparent solar cells in windows to building applications and even photon recycling in liquid-crystal displays. The various device structures used in organic polymer solar cells are reviewed. The operating principles behind these devices are explained in order to provide the reasoning behind the different structures and bilayer and bulk heterojunction devices discussed.

In the present communication doping of Polypyrrole (Ppy) has been done with a multiligand urea complex of cobalt(II) via in situ oxidative polymerization using FeCl3.6H2O as an oxidant. The dopant has been synthesized and characterized by using elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The composite based on the synthesized dopant has been subjected to FTIR and X-ray diffraction techniques.Surface morphology of Ppy and its composite with metal complex is investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM).Thermal analysis has been done by using TG and DSC technique. The dopant has developed the crystallinityin amorphous Ppy and has increased its thermal stability. XRD results show crystalline nature of composite.Parameters like crystallite size, interplanar distance, micro strain and dislocation density have been calculated by using Bragg’s and other related equations. Moreover lattice parameters a, b, c, ?, ? and ? have also been calculated for the dopant as well as the composite using powder X softwareThermogravimetric analysis reveals that the thermal stability of composite is better to that of pure polypyrrole. 

Probiotics are live microorganisms which are mainly strains of Lactobacillus species (spp.), and others. These microorganisms offer a health benefit for the host when administered in adequate amounts. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) samples were obtained from 42 patients who had been admitted to hospitals in Al-Karameh hospital during July 2016. These samples were inoculated onto enriched and differential culture media. Susceptibility of isolated pathogens to standard isolates lactobacilli spp. (107 CFU / ml) and twelve commonly used UT antibiotics was tested using standard susceptibility testing. Thirty one variance bacterial species were isolated. Escherichia coli (E coli) 9 (92.03%) were the most commonly isolated microorganisms, followed by Proteus mirabilis (P mirabilis) 6 (19.35%), Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) 5 (16.13%), Klebsiella pneumonia (K pneumonia) 5 (16.13%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa) 4 (12.9%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis) 2 (6.45%). In susceptibility testing, Lactobacillus spp. had coverage against 31 (100%). The coverage of the remaining twelve antibacterial agents used was different in their activity, which ranged between 50-100%. The results of the current study concluded that probiotics had a high effectiveness to inhibit the growth (in vitro) of all pathogens compared with antibiotics. This indicated the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics.

Titanium (Ti) is a major impurity in the economic Carboniferous and Cretaceous sedimentary kaolin deposits in Egypt. It is found that Ti is present as an independent mineral phase rather than in the crystal structure of kaolinite. Ti occurs mainly as uniform very fine-grained and rounded anatase crystals in pockets within the kaolin mass of all deposits. The optical properties of kaolin (brightness, Lab color, whiteness and yellowness) are improved only when the coloring impurities are removed. In this paper, the role of micro-organisms on the surface properties of titanium dioxide (anatase mineral) has been studied through zeta potential and adhesion measurements as well as the adsorption experiments. Complete characterization of both single mineral and bacteria isolated from its surface has been done using XRD, SEM, and FTIR as well as morphological and biochemical identification of bacterial isolates.

Valin is a type of amino acid which is essential for growth of the living organism. I have monitored the IR ,Raman & electronic absorption spectra of the valine molecule in solid form.The IR spectra has been observed in the range 4000 -400 cm-1 in the solid as well as liquid form. Similarly Raman spectra of the same molecule has also been monitored under the same range . The electronic absorption spectra has been monitored in the range 400-200 nm. In this paper we have made the several assignment of observed peaks. There are some new peaks has been found ,which were not reported by earlier workers .

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the trachea is rare, it represents 1% of all respiratory tract cancers. ACC are the second most common primary malignant tracheal neoplasms after squamous cell carcinoma. Dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and hemoptysis are the common initial and atypical symptoms. We report an extremely rare case of ACC of proximal trachea, in a 28-year-old male who presented with a 6 month history of hemoptysis and dyspnea. Laryngoscopy and computed tomography revealed a posterior tracheal tumor 1.7 cm long axis without extra-tracheal extension and without significant lung injury. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ACC. The patient was treated by surgical resection and end- to- end anastomosis followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Six months follow-up of the patient did not reveal local recurrence or distant metastases. Clinical features, histological appearance and differential diagnosis as well as treatment are discussed.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, women engaged in small scale farming are believed to produce about 80% of crops used in feeding their families. This study was carried out to determine socio-economic factors influencing level of participation of rural women in crop farming in Kakelo Location, Homa Bay County, Kenya. Levels of participation in crop farming were determined with respect to farming activities in which the respondents participated such as land preparation, planting, weeding, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage. The level of participation was determined on a scale of 0 (“no participation”) to 4 (“full participation.”). The study was done using descriptive cross-sectional design involving stratified cluster sampling method to select participants. A sample size of 288 women among a population of 17 812 in the study area was interviewed using questionnaires. Chi-square test was used to establish association between socioeconomic factors and level of participation. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study found out that only 21.2% of the respondents reported full participation in crop farming. Women with formal employment reported highest level of 41.7% full participation (X2=0.69, P=0.79). Also, acquisition of education, at least up to high school, improved the level of participation of the women in crop farming (X2=32.92, P=0.00). Education and formal employment increased the women’s access to credit and technical information, which improved level of crop farming. Acreage of cultivated farmland did not appear to have any significant association with level of participation in crop farming. The study revealed that out of the 288 respondents, none of them had ever received any agricultural extension service within the location in the last five years. In conclusion, the fact that only 21.2% of the respondents in Kakelo Location, Homa Bay County, Kenya, reported full participation in crop farming indicated dismal contribution by majority women to improvement of household food security. Therefore, it is recommended that more effort should be put into increasing level of rural women participation in crop farming.

A mobile ad hoc network consists of mobile nodes that communicate in an open wireless medium. Adversaries can launch analysis against the routing information embedded in the routing message and data packets to detect the traffic pattern of the communications; thereby they can obtain the sensitive information of the system, like the identity of a critical node. Privacy-preserving routing is crucial for some ad hoc networks that require stronger privacy protection. A number of schemes have been proposed to protect privacy in ad hoc networks. However, none of these schemes offer complete unlinkability or unobservability properties since data packets and control packets are still linkable and distinguishable in these schemes. In this paper, we define stronger privacy requirements regarding privacy-preserving routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Then we propose an unobservable secure routing scheme Secure Un-Obseravable Routing Protocol to offer complete unlinkability and content unobservability for all types of packets. On- Demand secure Routing protocol is efficient as it uses a novel combination of group signature and ID-based encryption for route discovery. Security analysis demonstrates that SRTURP can well protect user privacy against both inside and outside attackers. This Secure Routing Protocol is implemented on ns2, and evaluated its performance by comparing with Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector and MASK. The simulation results show that SRTURP not only has satisfactory performance compared to Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector, but also achieves stronger privacy protection than existing schemes like MASK.A mobile ad hoc network consists of mobile nodes that communicate in an open wireless medium. Adversaries can launch analysis against the routing information embedded in the routing message and data packets to detect the traffic pattern of the communications; thereby they can obtain the sensitive information of the system, like the identity of a critical node. Privacy-preserving routing is crucial for some ad hoc networks that require stronger privacy protection. A number of schemes have been proposed to protect privacy in ad hoc networks. However, none of these schemes offer complete unlinkability or unobservability properties since data packets and control packets are still linkable and distinguishable in these schemes. In this paper, we define stronger privacy requirements regarding privacy-preserving routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Then we propose an unobservable secure routing scheme Secure Un-Obseravable Routing Protocol to offer complete unlinkability and content unobservability for all types of packets. On- Demand secure Routing protocol is efficient as it uses a novel combination of group signature and ID-based encryption for route discovery. Security analysis demonstrates that SRTURP can well protect user privacy against both inside and outside attackers. This Secure Routing Protocol is implemented on ns2, and evaluated its performance by comparing with Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector and MASK. The simulation results show that SRTURP not only has satisfactory performance compared to Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector, but also achieves stronger privacy protection than existing schemes like MASK.

Practical transceivers have hardware impairments, which may affect the data rate of a system. In this paper, two way relaying with hardware losses is considered and is different from previous methods, which considers only ideal hardware case. Here both hops are subjected to independent and non-identical distributed nakagami-m fading variants with Amplify-and-Forward (AF) protocol and Decode-and-forward (DF) protocol. Hardware impairments are calculated at source, relay and destination. The outage probability is calculated with a function effective end-to-end signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR). In a similar way ergodic capacity also achieved. For low SNR values losses will be less but substantial. And for high SNR values losses will increase without bounds. But for SNDR case, increasing SNR makes some constant value of threshold, which is inversely proportional to the SNDR, called SNDR ceiling. Finally, this paper suggests the design guidelines for selecting hardware equipment to overcome hardware impairments with maximum extent.