Archives-July 2015

In this paper, we propose a different approach for efficiently conserving energy in wireless sensor networks. Our approach towards energy consuming in sensor networks is fully distributed to consume very low energy for finding the path along with data transmission. We use two protocols LEACH and ELEACH-M to find the route for data transmission and make its performance by comparing the route discovery of those two protocols. Bayesian inference is used to inference the missing data from the nodes that were not active during each sensing. Game theory offers mode for distributed allocation of energy resources and thus provides a way of expecting the characteristics of wireless sensor networks. We make game approach to obtain the optimal probabilities of sleep and wake up states that were used for energy conservation.

The effect of viscous dissipation and internal heat generation on the Steady two-dimensional radiative boundary layer flow with suspended particulate matter (SPM) of an incompressible viscous fluid past over a semi-infinite flat plate has been investigated. The radiative heat flux is assumed to follow Rosseland approximation. The highly non-linear governing equations have been solved numerically by using finite difference technique with non-uniform grid. Results have been graphically displayed and discussed quantitatively to show the effect of radiation and internal heat generation on boundary layer flow characteristics as well as the numerical values of shear stress and rate of heat transfer are obtained for various values of physical parameter.

Present study focused on pathological and genetic characterization of predominant post harvest fungal pathogens causing stem end rot, anthracnose and side rots of mango. Aggressiveness of these fungal isolates was tested through artificial inoculations under controlled conditions and all isolates were proved pathogenic with varying degree of aggressiveness in reference to control on both Sindhri and White Chounsa variety with exception of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides which showed no disease symptoms and characterized as non-aggressive isolates. All pathological results were proved highly significant at P<0.05 through ANOVA. DNA of fungal pathogens was successfully extracted and amplification was done through ITS1 and ITS4 primers and the amplified amplicons were productively digested with restriction enzymes (MboI, AluI, EcoRI, HaeIII, TaqI). Good genetic variability was obtained among the isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus but Colletotrichum gloeosporioides did not show genetic variability.

Microorganisms play a significant role in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and wastewater. In this study heavy metal resistant fungi were isolated from the waste water treated soil samples of Hudiara drain, Lahore. The optimum pH and temperature conditions for heavy metal removal were determined for highly tolerant isolates of Aspergillus species along with the initial metal concentration and contact time. Biosorption capacity of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was checked against Cu (II) and Pb (II) respectively. The optimal pH was 8-9 for A. flavus and 4-5.4 for A. niger, whereas the optimal temperature was 26°C and 37°C respectively. Moreover, the biosorption capacity of A. flavus was 20.75-93.65 mg/g for Cu (II) with initial concentration 200-1400 ppm. On the other hand the biosorption capacity of A. niger for Pb (II) ranged from 3.25-172.25 mg/g with the same range of initial metal concentration. It was also found that equilibrium was maintained after maximum adsorption. The adsorption data was then fitted to Langmuir model with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.90. The knowledge of the present study would be helpful for further research with reference to bioremediation of polluted soils.

Present study was focused on intake of duckweed by chicks and to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of chicks. A total number of 106 chicks were allocated to 3 treatments with 3 replicates. The treatments were categorized into group A (25% duckweed and 75% commercial feed), group B (50% duckweed and 50% commercial feed) and group C (100% commercial feed). Results showed that crude protein was higher in group B followed by group A while in group C crude protein was lower but total feed intake, average weight, live weight, meat and bone weight, skin weight, head weight, liver weight, intestine weight and shank weight were higher as compared to group A and group B and this was due to the fluffy nature of duckweed and small size of crop. It was concluded that sewage grown duckweed can be successfully utilized as poultry feed. Chicks can survive on duckweed and farmer can save money. This is the first study in Pakistan.

Till 1950s the progress in terms of outreach by cooperatives was limited. This led to the Nationalization of Commercial Banks in 1969 and 1980, to step up credit to rural masses and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in mid-1970s . hence the credit architecture consisted basically of cooperatives, commercial banks and regional rural banks. Further NABARD set up in 1982 , further as a part of Financial Inclusion, other financial concepts such as Self Help Groups, Micro Finance Institutions etc. are now being working at both Urban and Rural levels. Added to this the revival Package of Vidyanathan committee (2006), RBI’s efforts in 2007 for providing IT support to UCBs etc. All these support extended to the rural communities clearly indicates the improving financial conditions of the rural communities. These areas have become potential and opportunities waits for bankers to start their business in these areas. The present conceptual paper is an attempt to discover and analyze the threats and opportunities for banking institutions in the present globalized context and to offer a reinvented model, which makes the bankers viable and profitable to conduct business in these areas.

Load balancing using clustering can increase network scalability. This paper attempting to apply efficient techniques of load, energy and security such that network life can be increased with security and also its reliability. Continuous aggregation is required in sensor applications to obtain the temporal variation information of aggregates. It helps the users to understand how the environment changes over time and track real time measurements for trend analysis. Due to the high frequency and the long period of a continuous aggregation in every epoch, the false temporal variation pattern would incur a great communication cost. In this paper, we propose a clustering technique which will balance the load among the cluster by using some backup nodes. In the continuous aggregation, the attacker could manipulate a series of aggregation results through compromised nodes to fabricate false temporal variation patterns of the aggregates .We detect and verify a false temporal variations pattern by checking only a small part of aggregation results to reduces a verification cost. A sampling based approach is used to check the aggregation results and we also proposed a security mechanisms to protect the sampling process.

Nowadays all managers try to find the factors which affect on organizational or personal outputs like performance and productivity. One of these factors is organizational culture. The topic of organizational culture is increasingly understood as a company asset that can be used to increase business performance. While important, organizational culture is a slippery concept to concretely define. This paper deals with the historical development and foundational understandings of both the term culture, from anthropology, and its appropriation by industrial organization researchers to organizational culture. In the research, the role of organizational culture in the organizations was surveyed. Organizational culture refers to the beliefs and values that have existed in an organization for a long time, and to the beliefs of the staff and the foreseen value of their work that will influence their attitudes and behavior. Administrators usually adjust their leadership behavior to accomplish the mission of the organization, and this could influence the employees’ job satisfaction. It is therefore essential to understand the relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction of employees. It can be learned by stories, rituals, material symbols and language. And finally it can affect on job satisfaction, commitment, empowerment, performance, productivity and even customer satisfaction.

Sexual violence is a global problem and also a public health concern (Beidel and Turner, 2007; Gutman, Herman-Giddens and McKinney, 1993), it takes different forms, this includes rape, sexual abuse, harassment or any form of sexual exploitation, child tricking and pornography (United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2012). Kenya is faced with a problem of girls’ abuse because of cultural beliefs that supports the act of sexual intercourse with girls as a cure for HIV, this, however leads to unwanted pregnancy, serious mental health, gynaecological complications, high risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Children experience sexual abuse in their homes, schools, institution, workplace and within their community. Sexual violence towards children is an illegal violation of children's human right. Cases of child sexual abuse have continued to increase for many year which brings a serious focus on establishing the true scope of the problems and a genuine concern for policymakers, and professionals (Finkelhor 1986; Hall and Lloyd, 1993). Considering the legal rights a child has, it is important that any form of abuse should have serious penalties, although, there are laws towards child protection in Kenya, they are not effective. At the same time, ethical principles have supported every human being on how they are being treated in the society which now draws the attention of the government in Kenya and international organisation to support and protect children that were abused. Therefore, this report will major on the sexual abuse experienced by young girls, although young boys are also faced with sexual abuse, but on rare cases. It is written to address the prevalence which results from the cultural beliefs in Kenya; the ethical and legal issues relating to this child sexual abuse will be examined, protocol and recommendation to avoid future occurrence will also be discussed.

Floristic studies are fundamental for the applied sciences such as rangeland management and conservation. Unique ecological and climatic conditions in the Tang Putak in Dena Protected Area make it a remarkable habitat for the floristic studies. The purpose of this study was to determine floristic composition and their chorology carrying a central importance in vegetation description and analysis. Therefore, 50 quadrats (100 m2) were located according to the nature of vegetation. The species and their abundance-dominance were recorded. 73 plant species, belonging to 24 families, were identified. Plant classification, based on Raunkiaer’s life forms revealed Hemicryptophytes as the most abundant (55% of total) species. Therophytes, Phanerophytes and Chamaephytes contained 21, 12 and 5 percents of total plant species, respectively. Chorological characteristics of the plant species showed, about 68% of the total plant species in Tang Putak area were belonged to the Irano-Turanian Chorotype.