Archives-January 2015

Measurements of brain hemoglobin oxygen saturation have undergone continuous evolution. Traditional methods for its determination which includes jugular bulb oximetry requires the invasive procurement of blood samples. Besides inherent patient discomfort, inconvenience and processing time requirements of such procedures constitute the primary drawbacks of existing technology. This in turn inhibits continuous real-time monitoring. With the new non-invasive method, such limitations can not only be amended, but also opens new possibilities for patient care. Brain oximetry based on Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a continuous, non-invasive and real time monitoring of brain tissue oxygen saturation. The present work briefly describes the physics behind the brain oximetry and focuses on the designing of a reusable flexible Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which acts as a forehead probe for brain oximeter.

This article reviews the notion and characteristics of constructivism as a learning theory and its contribution to education in general and teachers and students roles in learning environments. In addition, it examines how constructivism has influenced the relationship between ICT and education.

This study was performed with the goal of educational need assessment of teachers? technological skill in Sarpol-e Zahab County in the academic year 2014-2015. The present study has a practical purpose and is conducted with a descriptive-survey method and analytical review. Studied statistical population consists of all teachers teaching in primary school and first and second periods of high school in Sarpol-e Zahab County. Population size and sample size were determined respectively 712 and 124. Statistical population was chosen by stratified random sampling and according to sample size in each grade. The measuring tool of variables was a 56-item questionnaire made by the researcher. It investigated studied teachers? necessary technological skills in two parts of general skills (11 paragraphs) and professional skills (14 paragraphs) and their required competences in two parts of cognitive (14 paragraphs) and functional (17 paragraphs) in a range of 4 levels. Validity of the questionnaire was determined based on the point of view of 10 experts in the field of education and new technologies and its validity was equal to 0.939 for the entire questionnaire based on Cronbach?s alpha and calculation of internal consistency coefficient of gathered data among 50 individuals of statistical population. Data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive (frequency table, average, standard deviation) and inferential (one sample t test and Friedman test). The results of research showed that teacher?s educational needs in 9 paragraphs of general skills part, in 4 paragraphs of professional skills part, in 2 paragraphs of cognitive competences and in 11 paragraphs of functional competences and totally in 26 paragraphs of studied 56 paragraphs were significantly higher than the average.

The association between economic growth and financial development has been a wide-ranging subject of experiential research. The practical evidence suggests that there is a significant positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. The endogenous growth literature provides copious evidence that financial development is a key determinant of economic growth. Theory interconnects these two factors based on the logic that by reducing information, transaction, and monitoring costs, a well-developed financial system performs several critical functions to augment intermediation efficiency. The impact of financial development on economic growth is a controversial issue on both empirical and theoretical framework. Aegis et al (2007) classified this matter into four schools of thought. The first one is denoted as supply-leading view which was first analyzed by Schumpeter (1912) and John Hicks (1969). They noticed that the prosperity and evolution of the economies in certain countries were backed up by the capacity of financial systems to activate the productivity of the financial capital. Later on, Levine (1997) pointed out that the development of the financial sector, with its two components stock markets and institutions, plays a remarkable role in the economic growth. Cline (2010) argues that the improvement in the financial sector will lead to an enhancement of the various sectors of the economy. Besides, the endogenous growth literature is in line with this point of view and assumes that the government intervention in the financial system (such as high reserve requirement, interest rate ceilings, etc) has a negative impact on the economic growth. Financial market development is estimated by the effect of credit market development and stock market development on economic growth. The relationship between economic growth and financial development has been an Extensive subject of empirical research. The question is whether financial development Causes economic growth or reversely. The main objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and financial development taking into Account the positive effect of industrial production index. This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. It describes the role of financial system development in economic growth at the macro level, both theoretically and empirically. It also describes briefly the relationship of corporate finance and firm performance. It finally concludes the review and presents some policy implications in view of the reviewed literature. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.

If the organizations tend to survive in some environment full of changes and if they want to guaranty the continuous of their activity, they should take a big step toward the entrepreneurship and also, comparing their competitions, they should pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship. In large organizations, supporting entrepreneurial behavior at all hierarchal levels for growth and increasing competitive advantages. Entrepreneurial behavior in the organization is said of all activities related to discovery, assessment and exploitation from entrepreneurial opportunities which are done by the organization's member's entrepreneurship inside organizations will lead to increase in profitability and development in organizations, revision of strategies and organizational change and costumer's added value services .It is quite possible that a better understanding of the factors that influence attitudes towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intent could facilitate the successful development of these initiatives, especially for university students who, in comparison to individuals without university education, are more likely to pursue self-employment that has significant impact on economic growth (Robinson and Sexton, 1994). In large organizations, supporting entrepreneurial behavior at all hierarchal levels for growth and increasing competitive advantages, is necessary. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by introducing emotional intelligence as an additional factor that explains how entrepreneurs perceive their own success. Using survey data from 136 Iranian Managers, we find that emotionally intelligent entrepreneurs are more likely to judge their entrepreneurial success using the following criteria: employee satisfaction, social responsibility, personal satisfaction, customer satisfaction and business performance. Furthermore, not all EI dimensions are equally relevant to explain the phenomenon. We find that “regulation of emotion in others” seems to be the most important dimension, whereas “emotion in others” seems to be the less relevant one.

In today's heightened ethical awareness and increased competitive pressure, the implications of ethical behavior for financial institutions have become a vital determinant of customer loyalty. Ethics and management have long been viewed, if not as being incompatible, at least as being at odds with each other. This has often translated in the field of environmental policy and Management into radical opposition between supporters of economic performance and Environmental lists. It has seemed that the ethics of economics and that of environmental Preservation was themselves at odds. Ethical decisions are not made in isolation and situational factors such as job context, organizational culture, and characteristics of the work itself have been shown to impact the ethical decision making process Ethical behavior is an important aspect for the success of a company, as it influences its relations with various stakeholders. Financial managers are responsible for the difficulty in interpreting sensitive and Exchanges presenting them in the form of financial reports that can be used to evaluate corporate performance is Month interest groups are responsible. Whatever the financial impact (positive or negative) which may be involved by applying a particular ethical policy, it would be possible to reduce those effects by weakening the ethical criteria used or applying them in different ways. For example, by allowing companies into the portfolio which derive only small amounts of turnover from an activity of concern, or by achieving a market sector weighting for the portfolio by applying a best of sector approach? In this paper an attempt has been made to the research vacuum in the corner of the financial manager explained the moral perspective on the quality of financial reporting to be filled. Field research companies in Tehran Stock Exchange are accepted. In this study, the ethical perspective of financial management as the independent variable is the moral status was assessed with a questionnaire. Quality and usefulness of financial reporting used to be correct financial reporting as dependent variables were examined. The aims of the present study include applied research, in terms of how to collect the required data from the standpoint of descriptive and correlation research is considered. For data analysis software (SPSS) was used. Based on the results obtained from the ethical perspective of financial management and financial reporting, there is a significant relationship; It is recommended that companies choose their money managers not only scientific and practical aspects of management should be considered But the ethical aspect of the study is important for managers should pay special attention to ethics and corporate managers have a choice.

There is a depletion of Vitellaria paradoxa populations mainly due to agricultural encroachment, seasonal fires and over exploitation notwithstanding its numerous benefits. This has affected natural regeneration and altered population structure of the species. The objectives of the study were 1) to determine the density of regeneration, saplings and mature V. paradoxa under different land use types 2) to determine stand structure of V. paradoxa under various land use types and 3) to compare the population structure of saplings and mature trees. Fifteen plots each of 20*20m were established using systematic random sampling in different land use types: Cultivated fields, fallow land and virgin land for the measurement of tree heights, diameters and number of individuals. Fallow land recorded higher regeneration and saplings density compared to the other land uses. Mature V. paradoxa was dominant in cultivated land. Fallow land had more stable population with better regeneration compared to cultivated land and virgin land. Height of regeneration in cultivated land was significantly different (p?0.05) compared to the other land use types. There was no significant difference between saplings stand structure. Mature Vitellaria paradoxa stand structure in cultivated fields was significantly different (p?0.05) compared to the other land use types. This study confirms that different land use types influence the population structure of Vitellaria paradoxa and there is anthropic selection.

We are very happy to announce that from 14th January 2015, Dr.V.P.T.Dhevika has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Marketing Management. Dr.V.P.T.Dhevika currently working as Assistant Professor in Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India. The appointment of Dr.V.P.T.Dhevika as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 27th January 2015, Mr. Jiban Shrestha has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Agricultural Sciences. Mr. Jiban Shrestha Currently working as Scientist, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Maize Research Programme, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The appointment of Mr. Jiban Shrestha as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 31st January 2015, Dr.C.Manikandan has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Pathology. Dr.C.Manikandan currently working as Department of Pathology, Gangasaras Diagnostic and Research Centre, Pattukkottai-614601, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The appointment of Dr.C.Manikandan as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.