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Black pepper and white pepper are made from the Piper nigrum plant. Black pepper is ground from dried, whole unripe fruit. White pepper is ground from dried, ripe fruit that has had the outer layer removed. The black pepper and white pepper powder are used to make medicine. People take black pepper for stomach upset, bronchitis, and cancer. They take white pepper for stomach upset, malaria, cholera, and cancer. Black pepper is sometimes applied directly to the skin for treating nerve pain(neuralgia) and a skin disease called scabies. Black pepper and white pepper are also used topically as a counterirritant for pain. In foods and beverages, black pepper, white pepper, and pepper oil (a product distilled from black pepper) are used as flavoring agents. Many people are ignorant about the numerous health benefits of black pepper. It contains potent antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. It contains iron, potassium, manganese, vitamin C and fiber in large quantities. However, beside these, it does contain other nutritional components.

The present study was carried out to analyze the use of motivational strategies at secondary level in public and private sector schools. For data collection, two schools in public and private sector each were selected from Islamabad. Data was collected through a Questionnaire. Fifty teachers (twenty-five from public and twenty five from private sector) of secondary classes were selected for answering the questionnaire. Quantitative analysis method was used for data analysis. The result of analysis shows that application of motivational strategies is better in private school as compared to public school.

We are very happy to announce that from 4th April 2015, Mr. Amjed Mirza Oda has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Noise and Chemistry. Mr. Amjed Mirza Oda currently working as Faculty Member, Department of General Science, College of Basic Education, University of Babylon, Iraq. The appointment of Mr. Amjed Mirza Oda as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 10th May 2013, Mr. Hadeel Fadhil Farhood Al Joborae has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Community Medicine. Mr. Hadeel Fadhil Farhood Al Joborae is currently working as Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Babylon, Iraq. The appointment of Mr. Hadeel Fadhil Farhood Al Joborae as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

To attain large information rates, multi user detection (MUD) is a well-built aspirant for the downlink of cell phone communications. However, while transmitting any signal over fading channel, the performance of any system is highly affected. For that reason, Multiuser detection (MUD) and channel estimation play a significant function for overcoming the interference and characterizing the channel. In previous cases, this is developed by using many kinds of algorithms. But in this Paper BPSK modulation technique was introduced for multiuser detection due to the drawbacks of those algorithm. The objective of this BPSK modulation is used to minimize the error rate of the user transmitting signal. In this, the user detection complexity and the interference of user transmitting signal are resolved. Since the detection complication and the required time are concentrated. In general, we make use of many types of filters namely, linear filters, nonlinear filters etc. here we are going to implement with adaptive filters. By using nonlinear filters we get narrow bandwidth responses and by using linear filters we get interference and BER is also high. So by using adaptive filters we overcome these drawbacks. The goal of adaptive filters is to improve synchronization and capacity by reducing interference between users. Adaptive algorithms improve the feasibility of multi user receivers.

Safety, along with security, plays a vital role in today’s society. The goal of this project is to design an embedded safety and security system for vehicle by integrating and modifying existing modules. This system endures mainly with three modules namely Gas sensing module, Obstacle detection module and Anti Theft Alert system, these are interfaced with atmel AT89S52 microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensors transmit ultrasonic waves from its sensor head and again receives the ultrasonic waves reflected from an obstacle and instructs the microcontroller which alerts the driver with an alarm and controls the vehicle by stopping it. The gas sensor here is mounted inside the vehicle such that it senses the presence of the gases inside the vehicle cabin if there is any increase in the level of the toxic gases it informs to the microcontroller which alerts the persons inside the vehicle with an alarm and also sends a SMS to the authorized user through GSM. When an unauthorized person opens the car door, the car anti theft system becomes active and gives indication by raising an alarm that the car is being under theft.

Although the Iranian historical people have seen history as a low level hobby and entertainment, they are interested in it. Memories, stories and the history of any generation do worth hearing, and the audible histories ranging from political history to explaining the ordinary and daily life of the people are found a lot in Iranian families. On the other hand, since the education system and its resources especially in the section of Humanities and particularly history are run by the government, it has created a kind of despair from the subjects of the history courses in the middle and secondary sections. The state-running of the section of history education, unwillingness of history teachers in active teaching, the escape of the pupils from the history course and the existence of formal and rigid subjects in history courses of secondary schools are among the main facts concerning the difficulty of history education in Iran. Apart from the defects it has, Formal history has caused a gap of the generations from each other as well as the transfer of real and informal history. Thus, it is necessary to search for the solutions and methods which have brought Iranian families and their children to epicenter of history. This is the solution which can play an important role in the dialogue between the generations and providing the grounds for historical participation of the pupils, and a method which educates the close and tangible history for the pupils and provides a new image from social history, different interpretations from history and a new way for connecting them with the society.

We are very happy to announce that from 23rd April 2013, Prof. Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Heat and mass transfer, Thermodynamics, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Nonlinear analysis. Prof. Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi is currently working as Professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. The appointment of Prof. Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Although Ethiopia is working hard to exploit its enormous potential of beekeeping through the introduction of improved hives and capacity building, the country has been challenged by absence of appropriate queen rearing practice. This paper tries to review existing situations of queen rearing and colony multiplication in Tigray region of Ethiopia. In order to the bridge gaps and promote beekeeping in the region, higher education and research institutions should focus on the establishment of bee centers committed for research and bee breeding programs whereas the extension should target on capacity building for beekeepers to accomplish queen rearing and bee breeding effectively.

The adverse effects of erosion may be not much noticeable in short term, yet it will be important in long term. Soil loss and erosion is one major factor interfering reduced fertility, reduced products, deposition of materials in waterways, irrigation canals and rivers, a decrease in reservoir capacity of dams and their reduced life, floods, environment pollution and road closures. The current research was carried out using GIS technique and PSIAC model in order to estimate the erosion and sediment of Sardasht watershed located in Kohkiluyeh& BoyerAhmad province with an area of 5940 hectares. PSIAC studies erosion status and sediment production in a business unit based on the strength and weakness of 9 environmental factors including; geology, soil, climate, runoff, topography, land cover, land use, surface erosion and river erosion. Here, layers corresponding to model factors are prepared in GIS environment and, in the end, the amount of sediment is measured using spatial analysis and overlapping layers of information. In order to measure particular erosion, SDR index (ratio of precipitation evolution) was used and 27.88 tons per hectare per year was estimated as erosion amount for the area considered. In the evaluation of soil erosion and sediment production of Sardasht basin, among factors influencing the erosion, land cover and land use with highest ratio (15.24) are first and weather with lowest ratio (4.11) is the last in rank. Qualitative classification of basin based on PSIAC model guide shows that the basin as a whole is located in high erosion class. The approximation of results from the model considered (27.88 tons per hectare per year) with real statistical analysis (30.3 tons per hectare per year) shows that currently, this model is effective for the basin.