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Plastics have become an important part of modern life and are used in different sectors of applications like packaging, building materials, consumer products and much more. Each year about 100 million tons of plastics are produced worldwide. Demand for plastics in India reached about 4.3 million tons in the year 2001-02 and would increase to about 8 million tons in the year 2006-07. Degradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer. The Degradation types are (a).Chain end degradation/de-polymerization (b).Random degradation/reverse of the poly condensation process. Biodegradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight by naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. That is involved in the degradation of both natural and synthetic plastics.  Examples of Standard Testing for Polymer Biodegradability in Various Environments. ASTM D5338: Standard Test Method for Determining the Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions, ASTM D5210: Standard Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of Municipal Sewage Sludge, ASTM D5526: Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions, ASTM D5437: Standard Practice for Weathering of Plastics under Marine Floating Exposure. Plastics are biodegraded, (1).In wild nature by aerobic conditions CO₂, water are produced,(2).In sediments & landfills by anaerobic conditions CO₂, water, methane are produced, (3).In composts and soil by partial aerobic & anaerobic conditions.

We are very happy to announce that from 6th August 2013, Dr. Kapil Kr. Bansal has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Inventory Management, Operations Research, Supply Chain Management. Dr. Kapil Kr. Bansal is currently working as Head Research & Publication, SRM University, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad 201204. The appointment of Dr. Kapil Kr. Bansal as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 24th September 2011, Dr. Sudhanshu Joshi has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Information Systems Management. Dr. Sudhanshu Joshi is currently working at School of Management, Doon University, Dehradun, India. The appointment of Dr. Sudhanshu Joshi as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

The proposed system applies to all Police stations across the country and specifically looks into the subject of Crime Records Management. It is well understood that Crime Prevention, Detection and Conviction of criminals depend on a highly responsive backbone of Information Management. The efficiency of the police function and the effectiveness with which it tackles crime depend on what quality of information it can derive from its existing records and how fast it can have access to it. It is proposed to centralize Information Management in Crime for the purposes of fast and efficient sharing of critical information across all Police Stations across the territory. Initially, the system will be implemented across Cities and Towns and later on, be interlinked so that a Police detective can access information across all records in the state thus helping speedy and successful completion to cases. The System would also be used to generate information for pro-active and preventive measures for fighting crime. The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database. The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of SQL server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the DOT Net technologies. The standards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff.

Working capital management is considered to be a crucial element in determining the financial performance of an organization. In this study, the purpose was to investigate working capital management and their effect on financial performance of the remittance companies in Mogadishu Somalia. Using descriptive research design, a total of 81 managerial and staff members from the two out-grower companies were targeted by way of completing a standardized and semi-structured questionnaire. The study adopted a regression and descriptive research design which attempted to explore the relationship between working capital management and financial performance. The performance was measures in terms of profitability by return on total assets, and return on investment capital as dependent financial performance (profitability) variables. The working capital is used three objectives which account receivable management second objective were cash flow management and last account payable management on the financial. In order to plane research finding the researcher used descriptive design and the data instrument used the study was questionnaire. The data analyze was SPSS (version 16).data was presented using by both descriptive and regression with anova and lastly the finding as the following.WCM practices were comparatively more effect on the financial performance. Specifically, it was observed that the companies’ receivables were mostly effect on the financial performance. Second cash flow management have passively effect on the financial performance and account payable like so finding to study became a number increased to account receivable in greases financial performance and also a number increased to cash flow management also to account payable add value or positively effect on the financial performance of the remittance companies in Mogadishu Somalia. Finally, there was need for the remittance companies to allow and increase their working capital management.

This study examines the relationship between workplace ethics and employees involvement practices in Lagos and Rivers states. Research questions and hypotheses were adduced to test, the hypothesized relationship between workplace ethics and employees involvement practices. The quantitative research data was orchestrated with the aid of a five point Likert Scale questionnaire distributed to 278 employees of in maritime firms in Lagos and Rivers states. The sample size of 278 were obtained from a population of 963 employees using the krejice and Morgan Table of Sample Size Determination on the reliability of the instrument of the study, they all met the Coronach Alpha of 0.7 and above. The validity of the instrument was determined by the experts in the field. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version21 ) and the Spearman Correlation was utilized to test the research hypotheses. The result of the study indicates that workplace ethics has relationship with all employees’ involvement practices. The study also found that the institutionalization of workplace ethics has beefed up productivity in maritime organizations. This study therefore recommends that maritime firms should ensure the institutionalization of ethical values and norms in order to improve employee involvement practices in maritime organizations in Lagos and Rivers states. KEYWORDS: Workplace ethics, employees involvement practices empowerment, team orientation and capacity building.

The contemporary 21st century business environment is facing increased dynamism, which consequently is resulting in a dramatic change and stiff competition among organizations, jockeying for position in order to gain substantial market share. These changes and competitive spirit among participants in the private sector have not only created opportunity for companies to thrive, but have also driven the economy to lane one among developing economies of the World. There is no gainsaying that sustainable competitive advantage is achieved through organizations’ resources, that is why Hoffman (2001) strongly asserts that, competitive advantage is achieved through effective combination of both tangible and intangible resources, assets, including firm management skills, organisational process, information and knowledge it controls. Similarly, Barney (1991) added that in achieving sustainable competitive advantage, firm must motivate its human resources through effective human resources practise such as training and development, recruitment, selection, and of course a fair reward system as seen in performance based pay.

In order to independently and sustainably implement their functions in response to reduced financial support from government, public university management is embracing corporate culture, which has been traditionally associated with the private sector. Given the complexity of the university business environment, this paradigm shift may find itself at variance with increasing local democratisation and internationalisation of higher education. This paper discusses opinions on corporate culture in the management of public universities in the context of their quest for world-class status. A survey design was used to collect data based on 16 total quality management indicators between 2009 and 2010. From a design sample size of 100, a 45% response rate was received. Although these opinions are not based on empirical data, findings show that academic faculty lack the sense of belonging and feel generally marginalised when it comes to key decisions that directly affect them. As such they work for survival’s sake and not out of passion. This work culture entrenches the notion of “brains in the drain”, which inevitably undermines quality assurance in service delivery. This critical review paper argues for deliberate investment into symbiotic management systems as a way of reversing this trend.

The vibrational spectra of 5-bromo-2-chlorotoluene (5B2CT) have been obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Normal coordinate analysis has been carried out to support the vibrational analysis. The results were compared with the experimental values. With the help of scaling procedures, the observed FTIR and FT Raman vibrational frequencies were analysed and compared with the theoretically predicted vibrational spectra. The assignments of bands to various normal modes of the molecules were also carried out. The Electrostatic potential (ESP) of the title molecule were also performed. Further, density functional theory (DFT) combined with quantum chemical calculations to determine the first-order hyperpolarizability. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. Electronic excitation energies, oscillator strength and nature of the respective excited states were calculated by the closed-shell singlet calculation method were also calculated for the molecule.

The interference of the first language (Indonesian) in the use of English as a foreign language is a phenomenon of one’s failure in acquiring the language. There may be caused by many factors, of which are linguistic differences of the two languages as well as the mastery of English. This paper discusses the phenomena of grammatical interference shown in the English students’ writings of the two universities in Padang (Indonesia). Syntactical, lexical, and morphological elements of the language are the focus of the study. As a whole, the finding shows that there are grammatical interferences found in the students’ writing. Of the three elements observed, syntactical interference is prominent. Word order as one of the three indicators of syntactical interference appeared in the sentences are likely the most problematic. In the datum If we competent in EFL...., for example, no verb was used. Based on the investigation, it is as the result of the Indonesian way of thinking on the concept being expressed in English. Unlike the concept of V as predicate in English, predicate in Indonesian can be noun, adjective or adverb in addition to verb. As a consequence, the sentence is anomalous. Moreover, the case of lexicon on choice of word in sentences also shows more interference. The word emotion in .... share their emotion .... for example, should be positted by problem. Besides, the utterance also deals with collocation problem, in which share is more commonly collocated with problem. This interference is suspected as the lack of vocabulary mastery. In other words, intertwined factors emerged in the writing. Basically, grammatical interference of the English language faced in students’ writing resulted from the effect of lack competence on English rules and cultural internalization.