Civil Engineering

It is important to make structure safe and secure for inhabitants till its useful life. Being part of construction designing it becomes upmost important to design structure safe and stable. A complete structure consisting of various element like beam, column, foundation as well as slabs one such member slab commonly considered as plate has studied over here for the change in behaviour with respect to thickness. Initially a plate is analyse using classical cosine series expansion method manually, it results is check with computational model analysis so as to find out % error. As the error is in permissible limit so further analysis work is done computationally using STAAD-PRO V8i software for 7 cases with a thickness of 5mm to 250mm of plate. On the basis of analysis related to bending moment, shear stresses, deflections, principal stresses comparative observation tables are prepare. Result shows that in thin plate forces are carried in the form of principal stresses and deflections are high. While in thick plate moment and shear stresses are predominant but deflection is very less. This study shows where to concentrate while designing the plate for practical purpose.

A brief review of the structural reliability design methodology and its applications at system level are compiled from various sources. The main objective of this study is to present the developments in the reliability based analysis and design of land based structures, marine structures specially a diaphragm wall of a berthing structures. The present paper discusses right from the basic concepts of risk, reliability, safety and the methodologies to define reliability in a quantitative manner to aid to design a structure for a given reliability and the reliability concepts applied to aging structures, creep, shrinkage and serviceability, application of reliability analysis in other fields such as geotechnical engineering, design of marine structures, etc.,. To avoid unforeseen failure, the structural designs often undertake the concept of a safety factor to reduce the probability of failure or to increase the reliability. Analysis need to be carried out using Monte Carlo simulation assessing the partial factors, levels of risk and degree of uncertainty.

River is a natural watercourse, flowing over the surface in extended hollow formations (i.e channels) which drain discrete areas of mainland with a natural gradient. In basic terms the existence of a river depends on three things: the availability of surface water, a channel in the ground and an inclined surface. In this sense, the term "river" includes all kinds of watercourses, from the tiniest of brooks to the largest of rivers. Importance of river to humanity cannot be neglected but as important as rivers are, they are also dangerous to lives and properties if they are not well monitored. Most rivers in Nigeria are not gauged, so their flows are not known. Ogbomosoo is a city in Oyo state, South Western Nigeria in which River Oba is located. It is one of the river with heavy flow in Ogbomoso and also with varying depth which when flowing it picks up debris caused by human activities in that area

This paper involves the design of the international runway for the proposed Gannavaram International airport site. The data required for the designing part was taken from the competent authority ‘City Industrial Development Corporation’ (CIDCO). The runway has been designed by international standards following the design procedure given by the ‘International Civil Aviation Organization’ (ICAO). Physical characteristics of the runway and its sections have been studied in depth and designed according to the standards. Images have been provided for better understanding. . The methodology and their references have been specified clearly.

Watershed management is the optimal use of soil and water resources within a given geographical area so as to enable sustainable production.Watershed prioritization has gained importance in natural resources management, especially in the context of watershed management. Erosion intensity analysis has been commonly applied to prioritization of watersheds. The investigation of basins for planning soil conservation requires a selective approach to identify smaller hydrological units, which would be suitable for more efficient and targeted conservation management programme. One criterion, generally used to determine the vulnerability of catchments to erosion, is the erosion intensity mapping. The quantitative analysis of erosion intensity is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using micro-watershed as a basic unit in erosion intensity analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The present study makes an attempt to prioritize twenty five micro-watersheds of Dal lake catchment of Srinagar district, Jammu and Kashmir, based on erosion intensity analysis, using remote sensing and Geographical Information System. Accordingly twenty five micro-watersheds have been classified into four categories based on very severe erosion intensity unit as very high, high, medium and low in terms of priority for conservation and management. The result of the erosion intensity analysis has revealed that micro-watersheds DMW1, DMW5, DMW7, DMW9 and DMW23 fall under very severe erosion class and are more susceptible to soil erosion and hence technical measures has been suggested for the very high priority micro-watershed.

Water is life and every human activity revolves round its availability. Inadequate hydrological data on River Osun has discouraged researchers from modelling water quality across the river. This study modelled water quality across the river using Hydrologic Engineering Centre River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software. Forty (40) water samples were collected from upstream (70 45' 26", 40 37' 22") (Kajola, Owode), midstream (70 44' 17", 40 33' 20") (Oke-Jetu, Isale-Osun), and downstream (70 45' 06", 40 32' 41") (Gbodofon, Ebunoluwa) sampling stations on River Osun from May 2015 to January 2016. Physical [Temperature and Total Dissolve Solid (TDS)], Chemical [Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Nitrite-Nitrogen, and Orthophosphate] and Biological (BOD) tests were carried out on the water samples using standard procedure (APHA, 2005). These parameters were input into HEC-RAS software to simulate water quality on River Osun. Three hundred (300) developed questionnaires on the prevalence of water borne diseases in Osogbo were distributed to households and health workers. Pearson correlation Coefficients (PCC) was used to analyse the data at 5% significance level. Temperature and TDS for rainy and dry season varied from (24.9 - 28.9)0C and (29.0 -339)0C; (90 -110) mg/l; (41.9 - 64.3) mg/l, respectively. The temporal variation of DO, NO3-N, NO2-N and PO43- for rainy and dry seasons parameters varied from (5.2 - 7.6) mg/l and (3.21 - 6.10) mg/l; (0.00 -7.41) mg/l and (9.0 - 19.3); (0.207 - 0.622) and (0.715 - 1.145) mg/l; (3.64 - 5.91) mg/l and (4.04 - 6.21) mg/l, respectively. The BOD values ranged from (0.4 -2 .0) mg/l and (1.93 - 2.96) mg/l, respectively for the rainy and dry seasons. Significance correlation (p< 0.05, 16 df) does occur between the pair of resident with water borne diseases and stations at upstream and midstream of the river in water samples with high pollution sources, there is low correlation (p<0.05 16 and 14 df) between the pair of other stations across the river and residents with water borne diseases. The DO, CBOD, NO3-N, NO2-N, and PO43- output from HEC-RAS for rainy and dry seasons varied from (5.6 -7.4) mg/l and (3.391-5.828) mg/l; (14.81 -15.69) mg/l and (15.87-15.93) mg/l; (0.235 - 5.43827) mg/l and (13.24 -19.1) mg/l; (0.806484 - 1.22) and (0.2085 - 0.4041) mg/l; (3.76-5.16) mg/l and (4.12 - 4.88) mg/l , respectively across the river. The result can be useful to trace the pollution sources and develop water resources management towards achieving Vision 20:2020.

Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types: rail, road, water, and air. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road and water), expensive (e.g., air), or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e., rail). Hyper loop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both fast and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyper loop is also unique in that it is an open design concept, similar to Linux. Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the Hyper loop design and bring it from concept to reality. Hyper loop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of the tube. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in each capsule. Passengers may enter and exit Hyper loop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length .In this study, the initial route, preliminary design, and logistics of the Hyper loop transportation system have been derived. The system consists of capsules that travel between Amaravathi, Vijayawada and Vijag. The total one way trip time is 35 minutes from county line to county line. The capsules leave on average every 2minutes from each terminal carrying 70 people each (as often as every 30 seconds during rush hour and less frequently at night). This gives a total of 77.4 million people per tube that can be transported each year on Hyper loop. The total cost of Hyper loop is under $6 billion USD for two one-way tubes and 40 capsules. Amortizing this capital cost over 20years and adding daily operational costs gives a total of$20 USD plus operating costs per one-way ticket on the passenger Hyper loop

In the present study fourty five years instrumental record (1970-2015) of four meteorological stations (Srinagar, Pahalgam, Qazigund and Gulmarg) located in different physiographic divisions in the valley of Kashmir was analysed.GCM data was also employed to project future temperature and rainfall of the Kashmir valley upto 21st century. It was observed that temperature shows an increasing trend at all the four stations while as precipitation shows a decreasing trend over the coming century.

Artificial neural network technique was used to carry out the downscaling of the GCM predictors. The large scale GCM predictors were related to observed precipitation and temperature. So the future projections of climate were made under A1B and A2 scenario upto 21st century using CGCM3 model. At the end of the 21st century the mean annual temperature of the Jhelum river basin is predicted to increase by 1.43°C under A1B scenario and 1.56°C under A2 scenario using ANN technique whereas the average annual precipitation is predicted to decrease substantially by 30.88% and 35.32% respectively under A1B and A2 Scenario by ANN technique

The research focuses on the importance of the open and green spaces according to the residential unit and its role in filling the void of the actual need of the population for this type of spaces because of the negligence of the green spaces and lack of the most basic requirements and overtaking them by random construction ,we took the locality of 636 of Amiriyah, as a model for the study and during the field visits and getting maps and using the Arc map program we calculated the green areas and compared it with the approved standards, and the proportionality of the area with the size of the population as well as to identify the person share of those spaces and also studying the reality of the locality , and the size of the changes experienced by the homes because of the circumstances experienced by the country such as overrun the private gardens because of the housing deficit, generating a significant shortfall in those areas hence the importance of research came from by finding alternatives and solutions to the shortfall of those spaces that achieve the best results for the development of the locality as a model can be applied to all residential areas.