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The shortcomings of Code model of communication have motivated the scholars of the field to adopt more adequate models including the inferential model and Relevance Theory which seem to be more appropriate ones (Gutt, 1992). Based on the fact that translation is expression of intentions and the act of reading it is recognition of those intentions, and the presumption that a considerable number of Farsi translations of English novels are not successful in this bi-lateral process (Mollanazar, 2001), this study was conducted in order to detect a number of impeding factors in that process as well as some procedures to avoid them. The researcher selected 10 sample excerpts from Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and 2 Farsi translations of each text. In the next step, 7 professors of Translation Studies were asked to analyze the selected excerpts and list the effort-increasing factors based on the criteria adapted from vandijk (1979). According to the results of the study at 2 levels of Phonology and Semantics there were specific factors which decreased the relevance level of the text. Considering the raters’ notes and analysing the excerpts, the researcher also proposed a number of instructions on the way such obstacles can be avoided in translation.

Wetlands are among the most productive life-support systems in the world and are of immense socio-economic and ecological importance to mankind. These are areas where water is the primary factors controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land, or where the land is covered by shallow water. They are critical for the maintenance of biodiversity and perform a great role in the biosphere. Ironically, wetlands have been perceived as wastelands associated with disease, difficulty and danger. Emphasizing the negative impacts and ignoring their importance, these habitats were considered obstacles in the path of progress and hence drained, filled, despoiled and degraded for economic gains. The wetland loss has been responsible for bringing to the verge of extinction countless species of animals and plants. Inadequate understanding of the crucial role and utility of wetlands is a matter of serious concern. In the present paper, seven types of wetlands are compared in terms of their potentiality and economic advantages with tropical sea grass bed with highest productivity and estuarine mangrove wetland with lowest one.

The trend of the integration of trade and investment makes many inconsistent conclusions of the research on the relationship between economic growth and single trade or foreign direct investment. The combinability of industry internationalization patterns, for import, export and FDI of inflow and outflow, as well as their dynamic evolution law determines the nonlinear characteristic of internationalization growth effect. By putting the four internationalization patterns into a uniform production function and using Zhejiang manufacturing industry data of the year from 2002 to 2008, this paper does an empirical research on the non-linear relationship between the growth of Zhejiang manufacturing industry and the three kinds of internationalization patterns, namely, import, FDI and export. It is indicated that there exists a U-shaped relationship between Zhejiang manufacturing industry growth and the dependence of import and FDI, while an inverted U-shaped relationship between Zhejiang manufacturing industry growth and export dependence. In the present Zhejiang manufacturing industry, export can promote the growth of most manufacturing industry. But import and FDI are not conducive to the growth. The future internationalization development should enhance export and FDI level to exceed its critical value. Besides, export of most industry need to prevent the excessive growth and overleap the critical value of growth promotion too early. It’s concluded that now China government must adjust the policy of export, import and FDI and consider the differentiation between different industries.

Respiratory disease incidence can be closely associated with designs of windows and lighting aspects in relation to some house structure dimensions. The aim was to compare the levels of respiratory disease incidences with the lighting designs at the study area, namely Gadamoji Division of the hilly Marsabit subcounty, an Arid and Semi-arid area, Kenya. To form a basis for comparison, rural appraisal tools were used to gather domestic health information from which, the position and extent of respiratory conditions were determined. Using similar tools for the same sampling units, data on housing design and lighting design were collected. Data were analysed using comparative techniques. The study categorized four major housing designs, four major designs of indoor lighting systems and three main sources of lighting fuels. Results showed that respiratory disease incidences were higher in traditional households and households which utilized wood fuel and kerosene in can lamps and lanterns respectively.

Square is most likely the first among the urban spaces created by human. It is definite that the more the functional flexibility of square is, the more ability it will have to stimulate people from different ages and levels to come more often there. Unfortunately, removing public activities of the square in modern age has made it lose its main role in encouraging social delight, social- cultural, interaction and social solidarity. Naghsh-e-Jahan square is a trace of worthwhile squares in Iran that its unique role has been neglected because of irresponsible interventions. In the present research, descriptive procedure with case study had been used. People’s priorities have been asset by statistical questionnaires consists of 10 questions. Questionnaires filled out by both locals (n=70) & tourists (n=35) in 2010. According to the criteria research and the results of questionnaires, socio-cultural & physical design recommendations are suggested for the future planning and designs in the square.

This paper aims to integrate Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Digital Image Processing (DIP) techniques for the identification of flood affected areas and flood damage assessment along the Indus River as a result of flood in the year 2005 due to abrupt snow melt in the northern areas of Pakistan. Snow melt in northern areas of Pakistan was the main cause of flooding in the year 2005, using ER Mapper Image Processing software, study of temporal changes of snow cover has also been carried out by calculating the snow cover area in the month of February for different years i.e. 2004, 2005 and 2006 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) onboard Aqua and TERRA satellites data. This showed that snow covered areas for the mentioned years were 56203, 67853 and 58642 sq km respectively. Calculations also reveal that the snowfall was maximum in the year 2005. Using satellite images of MODIS for May and July 2005 covering the area along the Indus from Chashma to Sukkur Barrage showed that this flood had caused huge damage in many cities of Punjab and Sindh provinces. Using images pertaining to pre and post-flooding periods, the evaluated flooded area between Chashma Barrage and Sukkur Barrage comes out to be approximately 6428 sq km (excluding the normal flow area which is 1359 sq km).

The present study investigates the relationship between corporate governance profile of acquiring firms and operating performance changes associated with merger and acquisitions in Pakistan. The financial sector mergers and acquisitions have been selected as sample transactions for the period of 1996 to 2008 and two years pre- and post-merger analysis has been conducted by using OLS regression. The estimated results indicated that post-merger operating performance of acquiring firms is positively related to its pre-merger level. Moreover, board size and CEO duality are negatively while board independence, outside dominated boards, and presence of large independent blockholder are positively related to change in post-merger operating performance of acquiring firms in Pakistan. The results were also robust with an alternative dependent variable of change in market value of acquiring firms. The results from replaced dependent variable were found to be more strong and cohesive with corporate governance profile of acquiring firms. Aligned with the existing literature, the study concluded that effective corporate governance mechanism does play its role in aligning the interests of managers with shareholders and enhances value for firms, particularly in large scale transactions of mergers and acquisitions.

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-nitro-o-toluidine (4NOT) were recorded in the region 4000–400 cm?1 and 4000–100 cm?1 respectively. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 4NOT were carried out by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31G* and 6-311+G** basis sets. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (?) and the first order hyperpolarizability (?) of the compound were investigated. The calculated results show that 4NOT have non-linear optical (NLO) behavior. A detailed interpretation of Infrared and Raman spectra of 4NOT is also reported. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energy gap shows that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. Electronic excitation energies, oscillator strength and nature of the respective excited states were calculated by the closed-shell singlet calculation method for the molecule.

Teaching is found to be a stressful occupation and educators around the globe are experiencing hi- levels of stress (Dinham, & Scott, 1998; Gmelch, 1993; Kyriacou, 2001). In 2000, Wiley reported that the consequences of job stress can take the form of behavioral characteristics like Disturbing the interpersonal relationships or decrease in the work performance. The study is conducted to find the sources of stress at Higher Education in Punjab. For the Purpose, 289 full-time faculty members were selected to identify the stressors generating high stress from 12 Public and Private Universities of Punjab. The study revealed that the sources of stress vary significantly with respect to Gender. Also, it checks the association & significant difference of faculty job stress with respect to background variables like Age, Designation, salary etc. Finally an analysis on the stress coping strategies was also carried out on the basis of Gender.

The computer revolution is now well advanced, but although we see a starting preparation of computer machines in many forms of work people do, the domain of computers is still significantly small because of the specialized training needed to use them and the lack of intelligence in computer systems. In the history of computer science five generations have passed by, each adding a new innovative technology that brought computers nearer and nearer to the people. Now it is sixth generation, whose prime objective is to make computers more intelligent i.e., to make computer systems that can think as humans. The fifth generation was aimed at using conventional symbolic Artificial Intelligence techniques to achieve machine intelligence. But it failed. Statistical modeling and Neural Networks falls in really sixth generation. The goal of work in Artificial Intelligence is to build the machines that perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. Its true, but speech recognition, seeing and walking doesn’t require “intelligence”, but human perceptual ability and motor control.