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Late colonization of baited hives is a serious problem facing apicultural industry in tropical countries. Towards providing practical solution to this problem, three methods of artificial colony division were experimented in Ogbomoso, Nigeria, using top bar hives. Hives with strong and active colonies (aged > 12 months) were used as Mother Colony and were divided into new hives tagged Daughter colony. Method A involved placing Daughter colony at original place of Mother Colony and taking Mother colony to a distance of 30 m away from its original position. Method B involved placing Daughter colony on top of Mother colony, maintaining original position of Mother colony but facing opposite direction. Method C involved placing Daughter colony 30 m away from its Mother colony. In each method, 3 brood combs and 4 honey combs were placed in the Daughter colony hive and the remaining space on the hive filled with empty top bars. The results indicate that Method A was the best, having no pest infestation or intruder but higher weight gain. At 2, 6 and 8 weeks after colony division, weight gain observed in Method A (3.2, 2.1 and 2.1 kg respectively) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than weight gain observed in Methods B (2.2, 0.75 and 0.65 kg) and C (1.61, 0.75 and 1.12 kg ) respectively. The pests encountered in Methods B and C were Aethina tumida, Oecophylla longinoda and Galleria melonella while Brachymeria species was the only intruder encountered in the study.

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and FT-Raman spectra of N –acetyl thiourea (NATU) was recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm-1 respectively, in the solid phase. Molecular electronic energy, geometrical structure, harmonic vibrational frequencies and bonding features of the title compound were computed three parameter hybrid functional Lee-Yang -–Parr/6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory. The vibrational studies were interpreted in terms of potential energy distribution. The results were compared with experimental values with the help of harmonic vibrational spectra. Infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities, highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, and energy gaps were computed above method. The observed wave number in FTIR spectra was analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wave numbers in the expected range and are in good agreement with computed values. The first order hyperpolarizability of this molecular system and related properties (?, ?, ? and ??) are calculated using B3LYP method based on the finite-field approach. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization and intermolecular hydrogen bond-like weak interaction has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis by using B3LYP method. The results show that electron density (ED) in the ?* and ?*antibonding orbital’s and second-order delocalization energies E(2) confirm the occurrence of intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT) within the molecule.

As mobile technology continues to diffuse, the numbers of mobile subscribers continue to grow, so as the numbers of complaints toward telecommunication operators in Malaysia (Celcom, Maxis and DiGi). Based on National Consumer Complaint Centre (NCCC) annual report, there is an increase in number of complaints by 30 per cent in year 2007 as compared to previous year. This indicates that consumer are aware more of their rights or the telecommunication operators perform worse in 2007. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between students’ complaint behaviour and defection in Malaysian telecommunication industry. A convenience sampling technique and self administered questionnaires were used to collect data. A total of 366 university students from 18 Malaysian public higher learning instituition were recruited to participate in this study. The regression analysis were employed to explore the relationship between the two variables. The study demonstrated that there is a strong positive linear relationship between students’ complaint behavior and defection.The study also found that the influence of private complaint on the defection is much stronger than public complaint which corroborates with the previous study.

This study is focused on the fatty acid and amino acid compositions of the larva of oil palm weevil (Rhyncophorous ferrugineus). The fatty acid composition of the oil showed the presence of twelve fatty acids comprising of six known fatty acids (lauric acid 0.05%, myristic acid 0.41%, palmitic acid 35.80%, stearic acid 7.82%, oleic acid 50.04% and linoleic acid 4.28%) and six unknown fatty acids. The oil is composed of more of unsaturated fatty acids with a total value of 54.32%, predominantly oleic acid; 50.04%.The iodine value (41.67 + 0.26) and saponification number (191.64 + 0.33) compared favorably with values reported as standard values for tallow. The free fatty acid value of the oil (7.01 + 0.114 %) was very high when compared to reported values of 0.65% for lard or 1.25% for edible tallow. The specific gravity of the oil (0.7981) was lower than the values reported as standards for edible animal fats, such as lard, pork and tallow. The larva of the oil palm weevil (Rhyncophorous ferrugineus) protein showed a total of 17 amino acids (excluding tryptophan) and with glutamic acid (12.68g/100g) as the predominant amino acid. The amino acids have a total value of 77.53 g/100g protein. The essential amino acids, including arginine and histidine, make up 35.89 g/100g of the total amino acids. This value represents 46.29% of the total amino acids. The larva of the oil palm weevil has high values of phenylalanine (4.14g/100g), leucine (7.52g/100g) and arginine (6.47g/100g) but low value of lysine (4.51g/100g).The fatty acid composition of the larva of oil palm weevil oil indicated that the consumption of the larva of oil palm weevil would have no adverse health implications. The essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine had higher values than the FAO reference standard values. Methionine+cystine and threonine had reasonable values. Thus, the larva of oil palm weevil can serve as a substitute for beef meat and fish in the supply of fatty acids and essential amino acids necessary for good health.

The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of the o-nitrobenzaldehyde oxime (ONBO) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 and 3500-100 cm^-1 respectively. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following full structure optimization and force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) method and basis set combination. The geometries and normal modes of vibration obtained from the DFT method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The total energy distribution (TED) values obtained reflect the correctness of the vibrational assignments.

A magic square of order 3n is 3n×3n matrix containing integers in such a way that each row and column add up to the same value. We generalize this notion to that of a 3n×3n matrix with the help of a special geometrical figure without having much knowledge of algebra and another branch of mathematics.

Property tax is gradually becoming a major source of revenue for local councils in Nigeria. However, in generating revenue through property tax there is the need for local councils to consider the attitude of the residents within their jurisdiction to payment of the property tax in order to encourage public participation in the usage and the collection of the property tax. The methodology of study therefore is based on the questionaire distribution of 0.00035% of the population of the study and analysed with multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis examined the payment of property tax as an independent variable against three dependent variables which are Awareness of Property tax, willingness to pay if property tax is splited into forms and willingness to reside or shift location if the property tax is reviewed upward. The result of the study suggest that with a calculated alpha level of 0.024 which is less than 0.05, commercial property occupants in this local government will shift location if the property tax is reviewed upward. It is the recommendation of the study therefore, that there will be the need for local government to set up a machinery to monitor the attitude of the residents as this findings may be different in other local government areas.

The increase in use of non-renewable fossil fuels may have increased the amount of carbon dioxide and other Green House Gases in the atmosphere to produce climate change and other environmental problems both on local and global scales. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that there will be a temperature rise of about 1.4 to 5.8^oC during 2100. Almost all the countries are now seriously thinking on controlling the fossil fuel use so as to arrest global warming. Biogas energy produced from poultry litter is one of the fastest growing clean energy source technologies across the world. Mapping of power potential from poultry litter in Namakkal block is the focus of the present study. The study employs Geographical Information System to map the biogas energy resources of Namakkal block and analyze the variability considering spatial aspects. Taking these into account, the present status of the alternative energy potential is assessed and maps have been prepared. The Poultry litter quantity has been estimated and used for evaluation of the alternative energy potential. The study shows that, the great green energy potential (83,457 KW/day) available in Namakkal block. This technology ensures reducing Green House Gas emissions, sustainable development, energy security and employment generation in the study area.

The exploitation of biologically active secondary metabolites for useful applications, including therapeutic drugs, is far from new. Since ancient times, nature has been recognized as an important source of potential drugs; examples of early uses and benefits of natural products for human can be found in most major civilizations (Newman et al., 2000; Constantino et al., 2004). The use of natural products for medical purposes slowly developed into the scientific field of pharmacogenosy. However, this was not until the early 1800’s when the active principles from plants were isolated and characterized. Among the first active principles isolated were morphine atropine, colchicines and caffeine (Newman et al., 2000). Morphine, atropine, and caffeine are today listed as core medicines in the World Health Organization’s “Essential Drugs List”, which is a list of minimum medical needs for basic health care systems (WHO, 2005).

Pure and 0.1 mole % L-aspartic acid doped Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) have been grown by solvent slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Uv-visible, FTIR and Raman FTIR analysis. The doping of L-aspartic acid was confirmed by FTIR spectrum and Raman FTIR. The Nonlinear optical property (SHG) of L-aspartic acid doped ADP was increased than the Pure ADP. Thermally stable for both pure and L-aspartic acid doped ADP crystal. Micro hardness studies were carried out on the grown crystal.