Literature

Grammatical metaphor is a kind of variation to semantics in different degrees caused by some deviation of grammatical character. From the view of meta function in systematic-functional linguistics, the author discusses three forms of grammatical metaphor systematically: ideational metaphor, interpersonal metaphor, textual metaphor and their techniques of expression.

This study tried to investigate how Persian translators manipulate children’s literary texts in translation. To the purpose of this study, the researcher chose the model presented by Lambert and Van Gorp (1985) which was used for the comparison of ST and TT literary system and the description of relations within them. The researcher applied the model to the translation of children’s literature and presented a description of how translators might manipulate the original text in translation. To this purpose the first two sections of the model, preliminary and macro-level data, were selected and applied in the available Persian translations of the children novel Anne of Green Gables (1908). The results showed that the three Persian translations of the novel, translated by Hefazi, Modarres and Ghadiani, included some manipulations at different parts of the novel. They made changes in translating the title of the novel, titles of the chapters, and the way of punctuating; they added metatexts to the translations in the shapes of footnotes and prefaces or even omitted some parts of the novel. These manipulations, whether recognizable by reading the translation alone or along with the original novel, led to a more visible status of the translators.

According to Urban Lofgren King Lear is a tragedy by William Shakespeare which written in 1603 and 1606. It is based on Lear of Britain. He becomes retired and decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters, the two of them who are the eldest ones show themself in love with their father although they were not. The youngest one Cordelia says her emotions honestly to her father, but her father base on the surface of their love, decides to give all his properties to two of them and ignore the Cordelia as a daughter. Metaphorically speaking, Lear is a blind to the fact that Goneril and Regan say false love and emotions in order to get rid of their father and gain more power. He has not realized what to do as a king of a big empire. Some believe that he is a madman from the beginning of the play with these childish decision and behavior. This is king Lear in a dark situation. He has nothing for himself, no family, no friends, no authority, no kingdom, no home and all reasons is his madly decision. Every person in this horrible situation become mad, for Lear as a king, suffering this irrational situations is impossible. In this study I want to describe the different aspects of King Lear madness and bring some information that show whether this madness is a real insanity or just a sudden behavior that happen for Lear. I hope at the end of this study, the readers can have a proper theory and get main points of this research. Shakespeare’s King Lear has a central and important theme which is madness. According to this play, madness is sanity for King Lear. In fact madness in reason and reason in madness is a aptitude statement for king Lear behavior through this play. There are many reasons to describe the effects of Lear’s behavior before, during and after his madness, to show what happens when he starts to believe his daughter’s tricks and false love. When he ignore the true love of Cordelia (his faithful daughter). When he decides to drift his empire a part bass on his emotions and daughters behavior. Lear’s madness is based on many elements such as disorder and hidden wisdom in which Lear’s blindness goes away and sees the reality of his life. He goes to his real madness by Edgar’s feigned insanity and discovers many points about himself during a storm in nature and in his mind. We can find different types of madness in this play, real, feigned and professional madness. As critical of Shakespeare’s work says, “Throughout the play Shakespeare also uses a background of bizarre weather conditions to emphasis the theme of madness.” It also says that Lear’s madness become worse when he decides to face the reality and true emotions and he to yes to keep his sanity. He obsessed with justice. “I am a man; more sinn’d against, than sinning.” (Act three scenes two, Lear). We can get this point that Lear becomes wise daring this madness. In act three scenes two, Lear ignore by his daughters and they throw him out is the violent storm, it shows the cruel nature of daughters. Lear stats to learn the process of his life, now he sees his horrible situation. He says “Here I stand, your slave, a poor, infirm, despised old man” he sees the injustice of the situation. In the storm, he is without any protection and that moment he sees he is going to be mad “my wits begin to turn”. He also starts to see other’s position and situation as well. He turns to fool and asks “How dost, my boy? Art cold?” (According to the writer of King Lear change ) Since Shakespeare is a well-known poet and play writer of England, I decided to work on his great play named, King Lear. I consider Lear’s madness during the play and go among reasons of his mad behavior and discuss the Lear’s inner turmoil and feeling toward the people around himself during in sanity. A big revolution in which Lear fined himself alone and unsafe that show the lack of his authority in his own empire. His authority as a king has encouraged him to be unreal man but madness changes him to be wise. He thinks that by dividing his kingdom, he becomes freer and his responsibility in old ages becomes less. But this decide, just forces him to be nothing. According to critical writers in Yorkntes web site, other renaissance dramatists use mad scenes for comic effect but Shakespeare use madness in a serious way in King Lear. Norman Maclean says, “History of the story of King Lear is a history of art, the history of men’s literary affection.” He says “the story fortunately there is a part that by assent is its most tragic region, the region where suffering takes on such dimension that Shakespeare could find no better word than “madness” to contain it. It brings readers to have both tragic art and tragic artist.” At the end of act II, storm happens for Lear, he experience a new kind of madness, he has an external causes for his madness, he tries his best not to get mad but when he sees the Edgar’s mad behavior, he becomes worse. These scene show the confliction of past Lear with the Lear through madness, the one who just think about his self with the one who is able to see others problems and suffering.

Many of people read fiction for joy, but a few of them float particularly to works about the past. People have enjoyed historical fiction since 800 BC, when Homer wrote about the Trojan War in the Iliad. The words to which historical fiction carries us may seem utterly different from our own - but they really existed. A deep understanding of the past can help us understand our own time and our own motivations better. And by blending history and fiction, a novel lets us do more than simply read history: it lets us participate in the hopes, fears, passions, mistakes and triumphs of the people who lived it. (“People read fiction for joy,” 2015).History and literature have always found proximity with each other, until it got separated after Rankean positivist research methodology for history in 19th century. But after the coming of postmodernism by 1960s and its formal introduction by 1980s, history and literature have started working hand in hand again, with new development in the form of historical novels. Many of the postmodernist literature refer historical documents, re-reading the sources in order to develop theories and stories around the facts, giving birth to multiple theories to attract readers as well as to make subjectivity feasible in reading the text, unlike what was postulated by Ranke.

The book Basic Communication Skills is prescribed for the First Semester Bachelor of Commerce students. A teacher reads out the conversations in Chapter 2 section (B) as there is no facility of playing the CD accompanying the book in the classroom. The students follow the conversations word by word in the book (only those who have the book and their immediate neighbours!). They underline the expressions used for denying permission with her help. She also helps the students to fill the blanks in the conversation on page 25 and asks them to practise the same.

Novels, in contemporary literature, have given us a new perspective. This is, especially, due to the presence of female writers using new story writing and narrative techniques in creating the settings. Among these is the novel under study, written by an Iranian novelist, which tends to introduce and present Iranian women’s problems and challenges. This study is, in effect, carried out on a Persian contemporary novel entitled Adat Mikonim (We’ll Get Used to It), written by Zoya Pirzad. The main character of the story is a middle-aged woman from a middle class family who is living with her daughter as well as her mother. The novel depicts the obstacles the woman faces communicating with as well as being understood by her daughter and mother.Following Hodge and Kress' (1993), the present study is carried out within the Critical Discourse framework to analyze the text. The book contains 31 chapters, out of which the first16 chapters were selected. The texts were analyzed with regard to the following properties: grammar (regarding two properties: syntagmatic models and transformations), and vocabulary (i.e., adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, with their ideological significance) The study is an attempt to depict linguistically the identity, wishes and outlooks of three women belonging to three generations, their similarities as well as differences.

Spontaneous hematoma of renal lodge is a rare entity, the causes are diverse and are dominated by the tumor causes, vascular abnormalities, but also in connection with coagulopathy or anticoagulant therapy. CT remains the gold standard for the etiologic diagnosis, for against arteriography is discussed if the scan is normal or if there is suspicion of arterial disease. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma (SRH) can be fatal, requiring immediate recognition and intervention. There is no consensus regarding the therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless literature recommends a nephrectomy in case of diagnostic uncertainty , the fear of a tumor lesion passed unnoticed, or in case of hemodynamic instability. We report the case of a SRH in a young 45 years of chronic hemodialysis patient. We update through a review of the literature aspects of the diagnostic and therapeutic care of the SRH.

Fadwa Tvqan is one of famous poets in contemporary arabic poetry, especially Palestine. she was born in in the occupied city Nablus, and after that he became known in the land, he went to a hard journey to gain knowledge and experience and present them for the Arab nation.Fadwa's books of poetry, is full of word of love and its derivatives, such as joy, love, reaching, and so on;In other words we can say that the main focus of her first collection of poems, is love. For her, love is an area where has thousands manifestations that, is treatment of all pains, symbol of all dreams, and enliven all deaths, finally, in her viewpoint, love is loving word or liking look, so that she can build her story on the basis of it.This study is conducted to investigate the manifestations of love in the poetry of this poet ,where first, pointed out to the biography of the poet and her poetry, then studied her traits of character and traits of poetry, and in the end, discussed and examined the manifestations of love in her poetry in two-stage physical and emotional love and love of country.

This study sets out to examine the stylistic strategies in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. It set out also to look at the concept of ‘style’ as it is employed by George Orwell to drive home his message. This study set out also to examine using the approaches found relevant by the researchers, especially those that found favour within the systemic functional linguistic circle. This study examines as well, style as linguistic choice as employed by George Orwell in the text Animal Farm by making the different characters in the story behaving like human beings who happen to have the same nature as animals. All these will be examined by the researchers

Language development in second language learner using metacognitive strategies is the primary focus of the paper. In this study we explored how the suggested activity affected students’ conceptual knowledge of the domain and improved strategical implications in second language and developed the problem solving ability. The qualitative and quantitative findings proved positive effects of the experiments in facilitating cognitive and metacognitive strategies.