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In this study, two cotton cultivars viz. LD 694 (Gossypium arboreum L.) and LH 2076 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were used to investigate factors influencing efficiency of transformation from the shoot apices of aseptically germinated seedlings for the Agrobacterium mediated transformation using the Agrobacterium strain GV3101 having the plasmid pPZP200 vector, carrying cry1Ac gene. The objective of study was to develop genotype independent Agrobacterium mediated transformation method. Antibiotics sensitivity assay showed that Kanamycin @ 50mg/l inhibited the regeneration of shoot tips in both LD 694 and LH 2076 genotypes and Cefotaxime @ 250mg/l check the bacterial growth. For Agrobacterium mediated transformation, a dilution of 500 µl /25ml of water using dip method and co-cultivation for 72 hours were resulted in better infection and survival of agroinfected explants with GV3101 strain in both genotypes. Average survival of 11.42% and 13.51% was recorded for Agrobacterium transformed shoots on selection medium supplemented with 50 mg/l Kanamycin and 250mg/l Cefotaxime in LD 694 and LH 2076 genotypes, respectively. GUS expression of transformed tissues ranged from 5.5-12.0 % in shoot tips. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of Cry 1Ac gene in putative transformed tissues.

This paper proposed new techniques based on fuzzy logic in optimal direction for suppression of random valued impulse noise in digital images. The deviation of the test pixel from its neighboring pixels present in the optimal direction shows its corruption level. According to how much a pixel is impulse-like, a fuzzy index is assigned to each and every pixel in the image. After the detection of impulsivity of each pixel, a non-local mean filter is employed for noise suppression. Extensive simulations are performed to prove that the proposed techniques give better visual quality and quantitative measurement than recent impulse noise suppression techniques.

Sovereignty is one of the four attributes of statehood. Earlier it was known as capacity of a government to enter into relations with other states. Sovereignty is at the core of international system. Therefore, in this paper the author seeks to trace the origin of the concept diving into the history. For this purpose the author takes into account the circumstances prevailing in Greek city-states, Rome city, Mourya Empire, Gupta Empire, feudal system, Holy Roman Empire, etc and the opinions of various jurists and thinkers have also been included and pondered upon so as to find out the contents of the concept. The paper reveals when the concept was recognised and who used the term ‘sovereignty’ for the first time and what type of power and freedom have been said to be its essential ingredients.

The tribal populations are is recognised as socially and economically vulnerable. Their lifestyles and food habits are different from that of their rural neighbours. They depend on minor forest produce and manual labour for livelihood. They may not have adequate income. Their food consumption pattern is dependent on the vagaries of nature and varies from extreme deprivation (in the lean seasons) to high intakes (in the post-harvest period). This leads to the health and nutrition problems. The health and nutrition problems of the vast tribal population of India are as varied as the tribal groups themselves who present a bewildering diversity and variety in their socio-economic, socio-cultural and ecological settings. The objective of the present paper is to examine health and nutritional status of the tribal population in India. The collected data reveals that Primitive tribal groups of India have special health problems and genetic abnormalities. The malnutrition is high among the tribal population. The tropical disease like malaria is still widespread in the tribal areas. The tribal population has a much lower Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) as compared to the scheduled castes but moderately higher than the other population. No specific precautions are observed at the time of conducting deliveries which resulted in an increased susceptibility to various infections. Services of paramedical staff are secured only in difficult labour cases. Vaccination and immunization of Infants and children have been inadequate among tribal groups. In addition, extremes of magico-religious beliefs and taboos tend to aggravate the problems. Lack of medical facility is another problem for them. Hygiene problem is very common in rural as well as in tribal areas. Hence proper methods should be developed to tackle the problems.

The bone hemangioma is arare intraosseous benign vascular tumor. It primarily affects the vertebrae and skull;the lesion of the ulna is very rare. We report a rare case of hemangioma of the ulna initially diagnosed as osteoid osteoma. The aim of this study is to emphasize a diagnostic trap.

Opobo Kingdom founded in 1873 by King Jaja is an ancient Ibani Kingdom. The institutions in Opobo is similar to what exists in Bonny its ancestral home. The people are religious and worshiped various deities from the environment. This paper explores the various deities known to the Ibani people and how they were appeased or worshipped as a way of recording these for posterity. It concludes by working at the impact of Christianity on these deities.

Since, Islam is the Fastest Growing Religion, but, why do People judge Islam so negatively in the Internet. Major Objective was to understand the use of the Internet to propagate Islam and Supportive Objectives were to find the new trends of propagating Islam and to find challenges facing by Islam. This study is based on qualitative and quantitative methodology which was carried out by employing primary and secondary data. The Primary data has been collected through questionnaire, interviews. Ten people have been interviewed as key informants. The Secondary data was collected from relevant books, websites, reports, journals and news paper articles and other relevant documents. Internet is an emerging trend to propagate Islam over the world. Ninety percent of all users go to the Internet for news or information; of that 90 percent, 80 percent use the Internet for research. One in four of these users surfs the Internet for religious and spiritual material, with 23 percent specifically searching for information about Islam.

Library computerization projects at Nimbe Adedipe library, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Keneth- Dike Library, university of Ibadan were evaluated. The total population of the respondents was 331 which include two university librarians, twenty-two library staff and two hundred users. The data collection instruments used for this study were a questionnaire and interview. The instruments were structured to identify important measurable variables associated with the provision and utilization of library computerized services. Out of 200 copies of questionnaire administered to the users, only one hundred and ninety two were completed and used for the study. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics involving tables and simple percentages. Based on the questionnaire survey of the library staff and the interview granted by university librarians, the information technology resources in the university libraries were inadequate for successful implementation of the library computerization project, however, computerized services such as CD-ROM services, internet search online journal subscription proved by the libraries have tremendous impacts on the organization, management and dissemination of information. There was a low number of satisfied users which was an indication that much remain to be done to fully grow the automated information services profiles in the university libraries.

The research aims to highlight the importance of maintenance in general and the maintenance of school buildings, in particular, to identify the problems and constraints of maintenance of school buildings and the extent of follow-up schools and authorities competent departments in the perpetuation of educational facilities to ensure its functionality and maintain the integrity of the building and the level of comfort to the user through an elected sample intentional architectures school implemented by the Ministry of Education or on behalf of, where the research contained the first two parts of data collection and recording observations, as well as data obtained from the survey of school buildings and personal interviews of specialists from the teachers and the administration of Engineers personnel and gentlemen in school buildings department and the second part questionnaire that were distributed to the elected school principals, showed the results of the analysis of data from many weaknesses in practice maintenance system, including administrative and planning and organizational side and the lack of engineering staff with competence and experience and good performance and a lack of honesty in the use of high quality materials.

Bladder cancer is the second urogenital cancer; smoking represents the main risk factor for its occurrence. Urothelial bladder tumors without muscle infiltration are a group of tumors treated with conservative endoscopic resection, often associated with adjuvant instillations of chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The high risk of recurrence leads to a systematic monitoring. Cystoscopy represents the standard of monitoring. Prognosis of this tumor group is heterogeneous. The risk of progression to invasive cancer is highly variable and potentially lethal. Stage and tumor grade are well recognized as prognostic factors. Cystectomy may be considered in high-risk tumors, in case of failure of conservative treatment. The purpose of this article is to analyse through a literature synthesis, prinicipal topics concerning diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of non-infiltrating bladder tumors.