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In this paper we describe some recent developments that have taken place in still image compression. We addresses about different compression techniques and also give a performance comparison. Functionality and principles of compression algorithms are discussed in a unified manner. This survey reviews more recent articles on image compression and discuss their role in current research directions. There are several image compression algorithms some of them are lossy and some of them are lossless. Thus medical image, pre press industry, art work, remote sensing images for lossless image compression.

Due to the Internet’s sheer size, complexity, and various routing policies, it is difficult if not impossible to locate the causes of large volumes of BGP update messages that oc-cur from time to time. To provide dependable global data delivery we need diagnostic tools that can pinpoint the ex-act connectivity changes. In this paper we describe an al-gorithm, called MVSChange, that can pin down the ori-gin of routing changes due to any single link failure or link restoration. Using a simplified model of BGP, called Sim-ple Path Vector Protocol (SPVP), and a graph model of the Internet, MVSChange takes as input the SPVP update messages collected from multiple vantage points and accu-rately locates the link that initiated the routing changes. We provide theoretical proof for the the correctness of the design.

Today, the wide variety of devices in the digital world ranges from desktops to mobile phones. Within the currently available interactive multimedia applications, which are very demanding in terms of video quality and coding efficiency, the cost as well as the limited performances of scalability obtained in the current standards remains unacceptable. That is why; there is a need for intrinsically scalable video coding schemes providing fully progressive bit streams. Scalable Video Coding targets on seamless delivery of digital content and access to the same, enabling optimal user centered multi-channel and cross-platform media services, providing a straightforward solution for universal video delivery to a broad range of applications. Scalable video coding gives a nice way to perform rate shaping for video streams adapting to the available transmission resource. The work in this paper deals with a rate distortion approach in Scalable Video Coding in order to achieve a performance that is comparable to a non-scalable system. The rate distortion curves of the scaled video streams are employed to adapt to both static and dynamic channels. We consider a multiuser scenario which re?ects network heterogeneity and propose to perform a joint optimization between these multiple streams which have different performance curves.

The optimization of computer numerical control(CNC) boring operation parameters for aluminum alloy 6063 T6 using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis(GRA) optimization technique. Machining industry is playing a crucial role in the present manufacturing scenario and boring is an operation which is quite highly used nowadays to enlarge and achieve greater accuracy of the internal holes. In the present work an attempt is made to select the combination of optimum cutting parameters which results in better surface finish (minimum surface roughness i.e. Ra and Rq) and Circularity (Cr). Machining with optimum cutting parameters will result in minimum machining time and enhance the productivity. Three parameters viz. cutting speed, feed and depth of cut of boring bar has been taken as control factors. The cutting trials are performed as per Taguchi L27(3^3) orthogonal method to deal with the response from multi-variables. Taguchi orthogonal array is designed with three levels of boring parameters with the help of software Minitab 16. Grey Relational Analysis is performed for finding out the optimal parameter setting for the Al alloy 6063 T6 material. Additionally, for analyzing the data, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is used to find the significant factors and their individual contribution in the response function i.e. surface roughness and Circularity.

This paper investigates types of intransitive verbs in Persian. Although six types of intransitive Persian verbs have one argument in their argument structure, they different to their derivation. We divide them into unergative, unaccusative, passive, attributive constructions, middle constructions and ergative. To classify intransitive Persian verb we use the operations like argument suppression, argument structure, argument deletion and externalization, external argument and internal argument (Williams 1981, Marantz 1984). This research supports the absolute theory of argument structure (Jackendoff 1972, Grimshaw 1990, chung 1993) also this study cast hight or the semantic and syntactic aspects of those constructions.

The central purpose of education is to help individuals make necessary adjustments towards a constant changing environment. e-learning is efficient as it eliminates distance and subsequent commutes. The different types of e-learning are based on, means of communication, schedule, e-learning class structure and technologies applied. Positive attitudes can help teachers to deal with the new situation with less stress and so enable them to take steps appropriately in tune with the need of the students and the institution. In this view point the researchers have undertaken this study. The present study was conducted in New Delhi and 800 senior secondary level school students were selected. The descriptive study method was adopted; stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting the samples. A well-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The result revealed that Students’ personal variables such as, gender, subject specialization, parents’ education, parents’ monthly income and school management are differed significantly among themselves. Suitable suggestions are given to improve students’ attitude towards e-learning paradigm.

Polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) is ubiquitous plant enzyme that catalyze the O-dependent oxidation of mono- and o-diphenols to o-quinones. These quinones are reactive species that are able to covalently modify and cross-link a wide variety of cellular nucleophiles via a 1,4 addition mechanism, leading to the formation of polymeric brown or black pigments, which are responsible for significant postharvest losses of fruits andvegetables. Browning of damaged tissues in fresh fruits and vegetables results mainly from the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones by PPO. The activation of PPO by sodium dodesyl sulphat investigated, but reports on the effect of some detergents and chaotropic agents on activity of PPO are scarce. Here the effect of detergents and chaotropic agent on activity of enzyme in soluble and in partial purified fraction of PPO of Wild pear was investigated. Sarkosyl acts as a activator of PPO for oxidation of catechol and pyrogallol, although has inhibitory effect in concentrations over 1 mM. Other ionic, Nonionic detergents and Chaotropic agents acted as inhibitors of PPO in soluble and in partial purified fraction. Inhibitory effect of Urea, GnHcl, NP-40 and Sodium cholate in presence of catechol is more than these effect in presence of pyrogallol, but this inhibitory for Triton X-100 in presence of pyrogallol is more than catechol. The same effects were obtained on the partially purified enzyme. Results identified and confirmed the differences in structure and conformation of enzyme in soluble and in partial purified fraction for oxidation of different substrates.

In this paper, a Lotka-Volterra model with time delay is considered. The stability of the equilibrium of the model is investigated and the existence of Hopf bifurcation is proved. Numerical simulations are performed to justify the theoretical results. Finally, main conclusions are included.

In recent years according to the increase of the organizational justice and the effects of the that in results of the organizational systems in case of the reaching the goals and keeping the systems, it took different models and patterns and created new challenging system in order to prevent failing and collapsing and keep system away from dangers which are caused by fast environmental alters, though recent experiments are about checking the effect of the understandings from the organized justice based on the publican fund of the Tejarat Bank’s employees . for this experiment about 4 theories are designed which are in case of the gathering information and ideas from Fernandez questionnaire 2006 and Publican fund questionnaire 1390 which in the end a 46 questions in form of a questionnaire has been formed and given among the Tejarat Bank employees which according to the normal grade of the alters and independency of mistakes and fouls from regression for experiments of theories and from analyzing experiment and toki in grading of organized justice alters in SPSS19 software as results showed up that organized justice and it’s alters which conclude distributive justice , has positive and useful effects on the publican fund of the employees and also grading the organized justice alters showed up that distributive justice comes in the first place and procedural justice comes after it means the second place and in the end interactional justice took the third place of our grading system .

This paper examines twenty-three factors considered important in the selection and patronage of hotels by university lecturers in Abia State, Nigeria. Data were conveniently collected from 285 lecturers in the two government-owned universities in Abia State using self-administered questionnaire containing twenty-three choice statements. Principal component analysis reduced the twenty-three choice items to four factors namely, servicescape, service innovation, spatial layout and service quality. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and multiple regression. The results show that the four factors are important determinants of the choice of hotels by university lecturers in Abia State. Hotel owners and managers were therefore advised to continuously improve servicescape, service innovation, spatial layout and service quality of their hotels for sustainable customer selection and patronage.