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Olea capensis is one of the canopy dominants in the Kakamega forest that shows no regeneration inside the forest. Like canopy dominants in other tropical forests, adults are widely spaced and, seedlings and saplings where present are usually hundreds of metres away from the parent plants. This study examined strategies of regeneration of this important species to determine its recruitment patterns. Most seedlings/saplings occurred considerable distances from the parent trees. Experimental manipulations of seeds revealed that forest rodents and fungi accounted for over 90 per cent of seed mortality around the parent trees. Observation on dispersers revealed that ecotone birds were responsible for seed dispersal into new areas that provided a safe haven for the seeds to germinate and establish. Further examination of seed predation in these areas showed insignificant levels of predation. There was also a relationship between location of seed deposit and presence of termite mound growing trees, suggesting a coincidental interplay between feeding behaviour of the dispersers and dispersal of Olea capensis seeds. Findings of this study point to importance of understanding the biology tree species of concern for successful regeneration efforts. In particular, knowledge of seed dispersers and predators is crucial.

The study was under taken to find out the effect of different organic manure on the yield and carbon sequestration potential of fodder maize. Result revealed that green fodder yield were significantly (P<0.01) higher in improved, enriched and vermicompost method. Similarly carbon sequestration potential was significantly higher in improved (4.19 t/ha) followed by enriched (4.16 t/ha) and vermicompost (4.09 t/ha) methods. It was concluded that the application of vermicompost, improved and enriched manure increased fodder yield and sequestered higher carbon from the atmosphere than other treatments.

This paper involves the design of the international runway for the proposed Gannavaram International airport site. The data required for the designing part was taken from the competent authority ‘City Industrial Development Corporation’ (CIDCO). The runway has been designed by international standards following the design procedure given by the ‘International Civil Aviation Organization’ (ICAO). Physical characteristics of the runway and its sections have been studied in depth and designed according to the standards. Images have been provided for better understanding. . The methodology and their references have been specified clearly.

According to Smith and Nelson in World Englishes (Kachru, 2006:450) and Matsuura (2007), intelligibility, comprehensibility and interpretability are different concepts which are used interchangeably. Intelligibility refers to word or utterance recognition while comprehensibility refers to meaning and interpretability refers to discoursal level—pragmatics, issues which are interwoven in attitudinal aspect of leaning. This paper is an overview of the previous intelligibility article examining the intelligibility of eight different Englishes, USA, UK, Farsi, French, Korean, Chinese, Turkish, and Russian, to two groups of Iranian students—with Turkish and Farsi as their native language. Concluding on the findings of that paper and comparing the case with intelligibility in different levels of education from high-school—aged 14—to university students—aged 20 above, the researcher came to the conclusion the Iranian students need to be aware of the world Englishes and think not of British or American Englishes as the only form of English. Nevertheless, students’ being aware of the speakers’ nationality may change his attitude toward the person, an issue which necessitates further research.

j-QAF system was introduced in 2005. Despite it's aimed at developing characteristics and comprehension of Muslim students in Jawi, Al-Quran, Arabic Language and FardhuAin, there are still some issues and challenges occurred. This article aimed at identifying factors that hurdle j-QAF program in recent years, and suggests possible solution. Secondary data from Six Month Khatam Al-Quran Model and Tasmik (Al- Quran) Model Progress Report of year 2005 to 2009 was comparatively and descriptively analyzed. Problem, suggestions and solutions are further discussed. It is hope that it will contribute to enhance the system and therefore empower Muslim students in Malaysia.

Biological activity of extract of Cissus quadrangularis against IV instar larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti were studied. The effect of the Petroleum ether, Benzene and Methanol extracts of C. quadrangularis are tested against IV instar larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. All kinds extracts showed moderate larvicidal and pupicidal effects at 24h. When the IV instar larvae of Cx quinquefasciatus were exposed to the doses of 12.56, 13.83 and 32.91 ppm respectively of petroleum ether, benzene and methanol extracts of 50% mortality was recorded. After 24h of exposure, the same extracts of C. quadrangularis at 15.84, 17.50 and 38.94ppm concentrations gave 50% pupal mortality. The LC 50 values for IV instar larvae of Ae. aegypti are 15.73, 17.16 and 33.37ppm and the LC50 values of pupae are 22.13, 25.73 and 48.76ppm respectively for Petroleum ether, Benzene and Methanol extracts. The larvicidal and pupicidal effects of plant extracts indicate that Cx quinquefasciatus is highly susceptible to the extracts of C quadrangularis. The larvae were more susceptible to plant extracts than pupae of both Cx quinquefasciatus and Ae aegypti. Among the various organic solvent extracts of C. quadrangularis, petroleum ether was found to be the most effective larvicidal and pupicidal agent. The efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis was in the order of Petroleum ether > Benzene > Methanol

Table of contents for the month of February 2018

A surface geophysical investigation involving ground magnetic technique was carried out in Ikogosi warm spring situated in Ekiti South-western Nigeria using a high resolution Proton-precession Geometric Magnetometer model G-856 AX to measure total components of magnetic intensity of the area with the aim of giving details of the subsurface geological structure and evaluating the structural setting beneath the warm spring for probable geothermal energy exploration. Total field magnetic measurements data were acquired along twelve (12) N-S profiles. The Magnetic data interpretation applied was able to depict fractured and faulted areas within fresh massive Quartzite at varying depths beneath all the profiles. Profile 12 has the highest amplitude of 748 nT while profile 3 has the lowest amplitude of 81.1 nT. The magnetic anomaly obtained varied between a minimum negative peak value of -235.9 nT and a maximum positive value of 748 nT. The approximate depth to basement rocks ranges between 8 to 14 m. The magnetic contour, 3-D surface, 1-Grid, Image Maps showed that the magnetic anomalies are as a result of Hot dry rocks present in the study area which contributes to the temperature of the spring. Also the highly mineralized area is between profile 1 and 4. It was deduced that the fractured/faulted quartzite may have acted as channel for the movement of warm groundwater from high depths to the surface.

In Mexico, processes for assessing credit risk of MiPyMEs (MSMSEs) requesting to have access to governmental financial support as well as commercial banks or any other kind of funding, are based on traditional methodologies which results use to lead to a substantial rejection of applicant enterprises. In this study, through an interpretative analysis with cross-cutting approach it is analyzed and determined the usefulness of methods for predicting corporate bankruptcy in MSMSEs and start-ups, regardless of their business activity. Likewise, besides highlighting and recommending the importance of their use, it is shown how such as prediction models contribute to reduce costs due to information asymmetry and financing costs by themselves and, help to prevent rejection of financing and ensure the permanence and competitiveness of enterprises.

The article focuses on the Nigerian Youths as Victims of this 21st century, as it is believe that they are the leaders, movers, propellers of the socio economic, political and intellectual development of every nation. This youth have fall victims of the danger of social problems ie poverty, violence, use of arms and a new face of immorality such as baby factory phenomenon etc to survive. What is the hope of the Nigerian youths in the 21st century? Is one of the question raise? Anomie theory was use to explore the Nigerian Youths as victims of the 21st century