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The study investigated constraints and extent of access to productive resources and agricultural services among women farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, it identified income generating activities of women farmers in the state, identified the productive resources and agricultural services available to them and determined the extent of availability of the resources and services and constraints to accessing the resources. Purposive random sampling technique was used to select a total of 120 women farmers. Data were collected with aid of a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using mean, percentages and frequencies. Results showed that majority (60%) of the respondents are married and a majority (50%) has formal education. It was further revealed that the respondents had diversified income generating activities with a majority engaging in processing of agricultural products (98.3%) and farming (95.8%). The results also showed that majority of the respondents indicated labour as the most available productive resource in the area. On the extent of access to productive resources, the result revealed that labour (x=3.0) and processing facilities (x = 2.50) are the accessible productive resources. Finally, the result revealed sharing of knowledge (x = 2.56) and marketing facilities (x = 2.98) as the only agricultural services accessible to the farmers. Constraints encountered lack of capital, poor electricity connection, lack of access roads, poor radio signals, illiteracy among others. It was recommended that the existing land ownership policies in the country should be reviewed to promote ownership by women farmers and extension education/visit be improved as well.

In this paper we present a relation for continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) ranges for electrons of biomedical materials such as bones, muscles, fat, water and air in terms of energy from 20 keV to 50000 keV and have been fitted by least square approximation with two parameters. These parameters depend upon the total energy and atomic number of the absorber. It has been found that this method gives better agreement with the available experimental data.

Cultural resources are pivoted to the development of heritage industry, tourism and economic fortune of a nation. Nigeria has a diverse and rich heritage consisting of natural and cultural sites of universal importance. Economy and cultural imperatives are recognized as the most powerful forces shaping human development. This paper looks at how preserving and promoting cultural heritage is fundamental to the eradication of poverty and usher in peace and harmony and the importance of community participation in implementing such measures. The paper examines federal government policy and the practical challenges of empowering people to harness the economic potentials of their cultural heritage for their material benefits. And there fore recommend the need for the federal , State and Local Government to put in place measures by which youths amongst others are empowered thereby reduction of poverty through the exploitation of our cultural heritage.

In this competitive era culture makes a real difference, competitors can duplicate product, its specific features but its almost impossible for them to copy the cultural aspects. Culture is the invisible web that binds employee together to their organization. Most of the organizations work on developing their cultures to gain competitors edge over competitors examples are ebay, Netflix, Google, 3M, GE, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, W.L.Gore ant Toyota. The objective of this paper is to have the understanding of culture as a competitive advantage and its impact on organizational performance. Past researches shows that organizational culture has a strong and deep impact on organizational performance.

A typical manufacturing plant has number of diverse activities interacting with each other. Facilities layout consists of the production areas and personnel areas within the building. Plant layout design is one of the strategic fields that determine the long run efficiency of operation. Facility Layout Problem involves the positioning of cells within a given area so as to minimize the material flow costs between cells. The Layout Design Problem is both tactically and strategically important since the layout plays a large role in determining the efficiency and flexibility of the manufacturing plant. Flexible Plant Layout algorithm is used to minimize the material handling cost and deal with the changes in future. In this project CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique) algorithm is used for designing of plant layout. CRAFT algorithm is one of the most developed and used algorithm for design or optimizing a facility layout which mainly emphasis on the material handling cost and the layout cost.

Data mining is has three major components Clustering or Classification, Association Rules and Sequence Analysis. Association rules used to find interesting relationship between attribute values. Sequence Analysis used to find statistically relevant patterns between data. Data mining techniques have led over various methods to gain knowledge from vast amount of data. Association rules are mainly used in mining transaction data to find interesting relationship between attribute values and also it is a main topic of data mining There is a great challenge in candidate generation for large data with low support threshold. Association rules will be effectively worked with the solid data and low support threshold was discussed. By using Apriori algorithm we applied association rules on data set of certain areas to predict the chance of getting the dengue disease, the above data set was collected from some selected areas, so it is the real time data. Three different sets of rules are generated with this dataset and applied the Apriori algorithm to it, find the relation between the parameters in database.

Bipolar plates (BPs) are a key component of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells with multifunctional character. They uniformly distribute fuel gas and air, conduct electrical current from cell to cell, remove heat from the active area, and prevent leakage of gases and coolant. Bi-Polar Plates also significantly contributes to the volume, weight and cost of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell stacks. Hence, there are vigorous efforts worldwide to find suitable materials for Bi-Polar Plates. The materials include non-porous graphite, coated metallic sheets, polymer composites, etc. This paper reviews various types of materials, in use and proposed, for Bi-Polar Plates and critically examines their physical and chemical properties.

In developing country like India, energy is most important to economical development of country thus energy sector plays an important role to increase in energy dependence and investment made on it. As we all know the compressed air generation consumes energy. Normally the compressed air system is an overlooked area in most of the industry but compressed air system is a costly source of energy about 7 to 10 times more expensive than electricity. Better methodology for design of energy efficient compressed air system, better maintaince practices and through energy efficiency measures can save the significant amount of energy of any industry. In this paper we have discussed the methodology for design of compressed air system for energy efficient compressed air system for industry. This paper also gives the comparative study of existing compressed air system of one industry with new optimized designed compressed air system for same industry using their specification.

Endogenous natural progestins are essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy but exogenous progestins and their derivatives may induce adverse effect on different organ. The kidney beinga vital and highly active organ is affected by most of the drugs. It’s the main organ responsible for excretion of the metabolic products of hormones. Therefore the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of injectable contraceptive, Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate on the kidney of white albino rat. There was significant increase in the diameter of PCT, DCT, renal corpuscle, glomerulos, and Bowman’s space of experimental rat kidney. Hemorrhage was seen in cortical and medullary region with lymphocytic infiltration in Bowman’s space and necrosis of some renal corpuscles. The study concluded that the more the duration and dose of the DMPA severe the alternation in the histological architecture of kidney. Keywords:DMPA, PCT, DCT, Bowman’s space, hemorrhage. Introduction A contraceptive method is one which helps the women to avoid unwanted pregnancy resulting from coitus and there are many method of contraception but the ideal is one, which is safe effective, acceptable, reliable, and requires less medical supervision.1Several characteristics of injectable contraceptives have led to their widespread use as they provide a highly effective contraception that last for more than 2 month after a single dose of injection and they do not contain estrogen so, they are free from adverse effect of estrogen.2The only injectable contraceptive drugs currently available are Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone enantate.3 Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an aqueous suspension of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a synthetic analog of 17?-hydroxyprogesterone and variant of the human hormone progesterone.4This is also classified as sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG).5Depo -Provera, a microcrystalline suspension of medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is a long-acting, highly effective injectable contraceptive and one of the major means of family planning.6 The primary mechanism of action is the inhibition of gonadotropins hormone (FSH and LH) thus inhibition of ovulation.7 It alsoincreases the viscosity of cervical mucus, making the mucus less easily penetrable to sperm.8 The contraceptive mode is a depot injection containing 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate which is administered by intramuscular route at a plasma concentration of about 1ng/ml) given in the gluteal or deltoid muscle within first 5th day of menstruation.9 DMPA has been favored because it creates amenorrhea and reduces cycling in many patients while simultaneously serving as highly effective contraception which protects against the development of uterine fibroids.10 It has been used as a contraceptive agent by more than 68 million women in more than 114 countries worldwide.11 Unlike oral contraceptives, DMPA have been proven to be relatively safe and is free from the adverse effect of estrogen and furthermore, progestogens, unlike estrogens, do not suppress lactation, which is an important consideration for postpartum contraception where infant health is dependent upon breast-feeding.12 Evidence suggests that progestogen-only injectables are more cost-effective than the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill even after 1 year of use.13 Endogenous natural progestins are essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy but exogenous progestins

Commuters in Accra, Tema and major cities of Ghana continue to suffer heavy vehicular traffic jams each working day, particularly during the peak hours, when most people travel to their work places or to school and back. Formal sector employees, including those from Scancom Ghana, are spared of the negative effects of this phenomenon which include loss of working time, lateness, commuting stress and fatigue among others. However, in order to avoid these negative effects of traffic jams mentioned earlier, some workers cut down on their sleep and get up very early to be able avoid the enormous traffic congestions. This also comes with loss of sleep and associated stress and fatigue. Similarly, some workers leave the office earlier than required to be able to “beat” the huge traffic congestion and reach home early. Through a survey, this study sought to find out how the traffic congestion in Accra and Tema affect employee productivity, particularly among workers who use the major streets to the Central Business Districts and Tema. Using employees of SCANCOM Ghana Ltd, the study also sought to evaluate workers’ views on the extent to which traffic congestions affect employee productivity. The study findings revealed that while majority of the respondents agreed that vehicular traffic congestions moderately or seriously affected employee productivity, they were still able to meet their daily work targets, their productivity was not affected by the traffic jams they encountered.