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In developing country like India, energy is most important to economical development of country thus energy sector plays an important role to increase in energy dependence and investment made on it. As we all know the compressed air generation consumes energy. Normally the compressed air system is an overlooked area in most of the industry but compressed air system is a costly source of energy about 7 to 10 times more expensive than electricity. Better methodology for design of energy efficient compressed air system, better maintaince practices and through energy efficiency measures can save the significant amount of energy of any industry. In this paper we have discussed the methodology for design of compressed air system for energy efficient compressed air system for industry. This paper also gives the comparative study of existing compressed air system of one industry with new optimized designed compressed air system for same industry using their specification.

Endogenous natural progestins are essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy but exogenous progestins and their derivatives may induce adverse effect on different organ. The kidney beinga vital and highly active organ is affected by most of the drugs. It’s the main organ responsible for excretion of the metabolic products of hormones. Therefore the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of injectable contraceptive, Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate on the kidney of white albino rat. There was significant increase in the diameter of PCT, DCT, renal corpuscle, glomerulos, and Bowman’s space of experimental rat kidney. Hemorrhage was seen in cortical and medullary region with lymphocytic infiltration in Bowman’s space and necrosis of some renal corpuscles. The study concluded that the more the duration and dose of the DMPA severe the alternation in the histological architecture of kidney. Keywords:DMPA, PCT, DCT, Bowman’s space, hemorrhage. Introduction A contraceptive method is one which helps the women to avoid unwanted pregnancy resulting from coitus and there are many method of contraception but the ideal is one, which is safe effective, acceptable, reliable, and requires less medical supervision.1Several characteristics of injectable contraceptives have led to their widespread use as they provide a highly effective contraception that last for more than 2 month after a single dose of injection and they do not contain estrogen so, they are free from adverse effect of estrogen.2The only injectable contraceptive drugs currently available are Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone enantate.3 Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an aqueous suspension of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a synthetic analog of 17?-hydroxyprogesterone and variant of the human hormone progesterone.4This is also classified as sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG).5Depo -Provera, a microcrystalline suspension of medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is a long-acting, highly effective injectable contraceptive and one of the major means of family planning.6 The primary mechanism of action is the inhibition of gonadotropins hormone (FSH and LH) thus inhibition of ovulation.7 It alsoincreases the viscosity of cervical mucus, making the mucus less easily penetrable to sperm.8 The contraceptive mode is a depot injection containing 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate which is administered by intramuscular route at a plasma concentration of about 1ng/ml) given in the gluteal or deltoid muscle within first 5th day of menstruation.9 DMPA has been favored because it creates amenorrhea and reduces cycling in many patients while simultaneously serving as highly effective contraception which protects against the development of uterine fibroids.10 It has been used as a contraceptive agent by more than 68 million women in more than 114 countries worldwide.11 Unlike oral contraceptives, DMPA have been proven to be relatively safe and is free from the adverse effect of estrogen and furthermore, progestogens, unlike estrogens, do not suppress lactation, which is an important consideration for postpartum contraception where infant health is dependent upon breast-feeding.12 Evidence suggests that progestogen-only injectables are more cost-effective than the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill even after 1 year of use.13 Endogenous natural progestins are essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy but exogenous progestins

Commuters in Accra, Tema and major cities of Ghana continue to suffer heavy vehicular traffic jams each working day, particularly during the peak hours, when most people travel to their work places or to school and back. Formal sector employees, including those from Scancom Ghana, are spared of the negative effects of this phenomenon which include loss of working time, lateness, commuting stress and fatigue among others. However, in order to avoid these negative effects of traffic jams mentioned earlier, some workers cut down on their sleep and get up very early to be able avoid the enormous traffic congestions. This also comes with loss of sleep and associated stress and fatigue. Similarly, some workers leave the office earlier than required to be able to “beat” the huge traffic congestion and reach home early. Through a survey, this study sought to find out how the traffic congestion in Accra and Tema affect employee productivity, particularly among workers who use the major streets to the Central Business Districts and Tema. Using employees of SCANCOM Ghana Ltd, the study also sought to evaluate workers’ views on the extent to which traffic congestions affect employee productivity. The study findings revealed that while majority of the respondents agreed that vehicular traffic congestions moderately or seriously affected employee productivity, they were still able to meet their daily work targets, their productivity was not affected by the traffic jams they encountered.

We have reformulated equations of state (EOS) for superconductors based on Lagrangian and Eulerian strains following the method developed by Stacey. The expressions thus obtained are used conveniently to assess the validity of various EOS for different types of superconductors. The logarithmic EOS based on the Hencky measure of finite-strain is also modified by including the higher terms arising from the fourth-order contribution in the Taylor series expansion of the free energy. In the present work, pressure of five different superconductors viz. YBa2Cu3O6.6, YBa2Cu3O6.93, YBa2Cu3O7, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 and Nd1.32Sr0.41Ce0.27CuO3.96 has been computed at different compression ranges using five different EOS based on finite strain theory viz. Third order Eulerian EOS, Third order Lagrangian EOS, Second order Born-Mie EOS, Third order Born-Mie EOS and Bardeen EOS. the obtained results are compared with available experimental data to test the validity and success of these equation of states.

This article examines the historical development of ethnicity in the Nigerian political terrain. It posits that the distinguishing feature of Nigerian politics is the role played by ethnicity in staunting the task of national development. It argues that federalism in Nigeria is a farce, as the major ethnic nationalities monopolize political power for self interest. This ethnic consciousness heightened political competition at the centre resulting in the social, political, administrative and cultural maladies that bedevil Nigeria. it concludes that elites crude accumulation for personal wealth field crisis, instability and violence which affected national development efforts.

A multi layer artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple regression (mathematical) models were developed for the investigation of cadmium removal efficiency of powered activated carbons of coconut oilcake, neem oilcake and commercial carbon. Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) Back-propagation algorithm is used to train the network. The network topology was optimized by varying number of hidden layers and number of neurons in hidden layers. The effective parameters on the removal of cadmium (%R) by adsorption process, which included the pH, contact time (T), distinctiveness of activated carbon (Cn), amount of activated carbon (Cw) and initial concentration of cadmium (Co) were investigated. The model was developed in terms of training; validation and testing of experimental data, the test subsets that each of them contains 60%, 20% and 20% of total experimental data, respectively. Standard deviation (SD) with respect to experimental output was calculated for outputs of ANN and regression model. The experimental data were best fitted with the artificial neural network model.

This paper deals with the study of the potential substitution of Karanja methyl ester blends for diesel as fuel for automobiles and other industrial purposes. The objective of this study is the analysis of the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the karanja methyl esters and comparing with petroleum diesel. The tests were carried out on a 4.4 KW, single cylinder, direct injection, Air-cooled diesel engine. The results of investigations carried out in studying the fuel properties of karanja methyl ester (KME) and its blend with diesel fuel from 20 to 100% by volume and in running a diesel engine with these fuels. Engine tests have been carried out with the aim of obtaining comparative measures of Brake power, specific fuel consumption and emissions such as CO2, CO, HC, smoke density and NOx to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on above mentioned fuels. The reduction in exhaust emissions together with increase in brake power, brake thermal efficiency and reduction in specific fuel consumption make the blends of karanja esterified oil (B20) a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and could help in controlling air pollution.

This paper discusses the performance characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine using lean coconut biodiesel blended with diesel fuel. The experiments were carried out for the various biodiesel-diesel blends i.e., B5, B10, B15, and B20. Results were compared with the neat diesel. The blended biodiesel is being injected to cylinder and tested up to 20% blended biodiesel. The experiment ensures that up to 20% biodiesel blended with diesel can be used without any modification in the diesel engine and enhancement of combustion, FC, BSFC, efficiency and the overall performance of the engine.

The agro hydrological model SWAP3.03 was used for two wheat crops, cultivars “Ghods” and “Rowshan” under different irrigation regimes. The field study was conducted during 2005-2006 growing season in the Research Field of Birjand University. Different qualities of irrigation water (namely 1.4, 4.5 and 9.6 dS/m) obtained from three local wells were used in a factorial plot design with four levels of water depths (namely, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETc). The model was initially calibrated with respect to the winter wheat crop coefficients, based on a study in the province of S. Khorasan. The simulated values fitted well the trend of actual crop production for various amounts and qualities of irrigation water. Maximum yield was obtained for a deficit irrigation of 75% ETc with the best water quality, that of 1.4 (dS/m). Results also showed that different levels of water and salinity stress would affect crop production. The correlation coefficients between the simulated and actual crop production were 0.72 for “Ghods” and 0.83 for “Rowshan”, both statistically significant at 1% level. As compared to the actual yield, the Average simulated yield was 15% higher for “Ghods” and 10% lower for “Rowshan”. A t-test showed that such deviation between simulated and observed values were not lower than required for significant differences. The results of this study, therefore, show that SWAP3.03 model is a useful tool to estimate wheat production under different levels of water and salinity stress.

The concept of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) has been successfully used as a diagnostic technique to detect winding deformation, core and clamping structure for power transformers. The main problem about FRA techniques is to interpret the observed evolution of the frequency response in order to identify failures. Transformer high frequency computer modeling is proposed in this work to be used with the practical FRA measurements. The physical meaning of the model parameters allows the identification of the problem inside the transformer. Two high frequency transformer models based on lumped and distributed parameters approaches are investigated. A comparison of both models is conducted using their transfer function plots, and hence based on the amount of information revealed from the plots, a distributed model is chosen for further analysis. The model validation is carried out through the comparison of the simulation and field results. Mechanical and short circuit faults are simulated into the model to compare the differences in the frequency response of healthy and deformed transformer signatures. The advantage of this technique is that the FRA measurements can be obtained from meaningful parameters that can aid interpretation and classification of FRA signatures.