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Governments all over the world rely on revenues majorly generated from variety of taxes in order to meet their numerous fiscal expenditures. The practice of tax evasion and tax avoidance has bedeviled the tax system of Pakistan since 1947. So this research is conducted in order to identify the nature, causes and magnitude of tax evasion and tax avoidance along with their social, economic and political impacts especially in context of economy of Pakistan. The integrated approach has been used in order to answer the objectives of this study. Study reveals that tax evasion and avoidance both leading to fiscal deficit and foreign debt in Pakistan; however, tax evasion is most important. The estimations of tax evasion and tax avoidance are not reliable on account of different assumptions and ambiguous methodologies. Our research deals only with the conditions prevailing in Pakistan so results cannot be generalized. Moreover, instead of using estimates of tax evasion or avoidance we have used indicators of tax evasion an avoidance to determine their magnitude.

Nigeria is a developing country which attained political independence from British colonial rule in 1960. It is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society where inter-personal and inter-group relationships are governed by a number of subjective socio-cultural variables: ethnicity, cultural differences, majority-minority dichotomy, religions, etc. The incursion of the military into governance and the impact of the anti-labour colonial and post-colonial policies on the whole society are some of the challenges faced by the labour movements in Nigeria. From the time that trade unions first emerged in Nigeria, they suffered crude treatment and abuse from the government. The abuses were particularly grave during several years of military rule. Although Nigeria has returned to democratic governance, the abridgment of trade union rights continues. This article argues that through such behavior, the government of Nigeria infringes upon workers' freedom of association under international law – which does not augur well for the nation's future as a liberal democracy. The basic challenges of the labour movements today in Nigeria border on but not limited to, lack of entrenched and institutionalized democratic structures, good governance, civil liberties, corruption and poor working conditions of workers. The paper attempts to see how an alliance or partnership between labour movements and the civil society organizations had affected social and political policies of government in the past, and the extent to which it can reshape the future of labour organizations, industrial relations and the structure of the Nigerian society. All these factors are examined against the backdrop of increasing globalization and more specifically the internationalization of the labour market and general economic production systems and ideology.

“Intertextuality” means “the relationship between texts with its previous or contemporary texts”. The theory was artily presented by “Julia Kristeva” in the early 60s of 20th century which is welcomed by many writers and poets. Poets of intifada are such poets who arise for this important thing with expressing the excellent human goals and to present the oppression of the Palestinian people.this new skill has been used in the peoms of Intifada variously. Fadva Touqan is one of the peots who used this skill in his poems .this article is going to study some samples of various types of intertexuality in Fadva Touqan’s peopms then to (explain) his poems and religious point of veiw through the intertexual function.

The suggestion and the hypnosis has been used since ancient times, both magical - religious and curative purposes. Considering that the disease creates a weakness, anguish and uncertainty, the patient is experiencing a period of regression and resignation which will increase the sensitivity to suggestion. To increase the effectiveness of psychotherapy, which is used in the treatment of mental disorders, it is necessary that between therapist and patient to be a reciprocal respect and consideration. The patient must believe that the therapist understands his problems, accept difficulties as being usual and solvable, this fact is generated him a sense of support and hope. Without trust curing the disease becomes almost impossible. Besides the direct approach of problems, even the non – verbal behavior of the therapist is very important, because it may be the vehicle of both positive and negative suggestions. The expectations of the patient have also a highly suggestive potential, either negative or positive. This relationship between therapist and patient has great importance also concerning the placebo effect. The therapeutic effect is based on faith, suggestion, motivation, expectancy and the prestige of the therapist. The responsibility of the therapeutically act favor the appearance of knowledge and influence suggestive strategies.

Pot culture experiment was conducted using 35S tracer to quantify plant available sulphur to main and residual crop in terms of ‘A’ values. Farmyard manure, poultry manure, vermi compost and sewage sludge were compared with the single superphosphate, all at 75 kg S ha-1. These with control were replicated four times in CRD. Activity of 35S sulphur in groundnut and soil were analyzed. Poultry manure increased sulphur availability and uptake by groundnut. Sdfs and Sdff was high in Poultry manure and Single superphosphate respectively. ‘A’ values were highest in poultry manure.

Water is important ingredient of widely used construction material concrete. Most of the specifications recommend potable water for concrete, imposes a heavy burden on the cost of production. The present study was an attempt to study the possibility of usage of treated wastewater for concrete preparation, so that the shortage and cost using potable water can be greatly reduced by determining the influence of wastewater on the strength of concrete. Wastewater from a near by wastewater treatment plant were collected and analyzed in terms of their physicochemical properties along with potable water for comparison purposes. The study reveals that the consistency of cement remains same for all types of mixing wastewater. There is an increase in initial setting time with deteriorating quality of mixing wastewater but the final setting time remains same. The compressive strength of concrete of tertiary treated wastewater is close to that of tap water but higher than that of PTWW & STWW. The study indicates that the use of tertiary treated wastewater will be an alternate to save the precious fresh water and also the cost of concrete production may be reduced.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the functional outcome of fractures of distal humerus managed with open reduction internal fixation by reviewing 47 cases of fracture distal humerus surgically managed with triceps sparing approach during December 2012 to September 2016. The medical reports and radiographs of 26 males and 21 females patients with a mean age of 34.87±14.11 years and a mean follow up time of 10.2months (range 3-18 months) were retrospectively and prospectively reviewed. Flexion , extension, range of motion , Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) , Disability of Shoulder Arm and Hand score (DASH SCORE), duration of surgery and blood loss were used to assess the functional outcome of fracture distal end humerus treated with ORIF through the triceps sparing approach. according to AO foundation (AO) Classification there were 2 cases of type A , 2 cases of type B , 17 cases of type C1 , 20 cases of type C2 and 6 cases of type C3 fractures. Out of 47 patients, 24(51%), 16(34%) , 7(15%) obtained excellent , good , fair MEP score respectively. No patient fell under poor category of MEP score.

Nigeria ranked first in Africa and fourth in the world among tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries. An estimated 460,000 cases of tuberculosis and 5000 cases of leprosy occur in Nigeria annually. TB prevalence among Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients rose up to 27% due to increased association of TB with HIV/AIDS. This study described the dynamics of Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Policy in Nigeria. Many Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and private partners compliment the effort of the federal government in combating this scourge. The federal government has continually reviewed her policy framework to reposition her to combat the scourge. Some progress has been made, but more effort is required to scale up operations. Proper budgetary allocation for health in line with international best practice, improved funding, monitoring and evaluation of TB and leprosy control programmes are invaluable in the actualization of this noble course.

Different from other soda ash plants based on Solvay Process in the world, Mersin Soda plant applies a particular process in order to decrease the chloride concentration of the solid waste. The purpose of the current study is to investigate utilization of this solid waste with low chloride content in possible industrial applications. It is determined that using solid waste as a mineral additive in some of the cements produced in Mersin-Adana region, slightly reduces consistency of mortar and shortens setting time. However consistency and setting time of the samples including solid waste can be increased to the levels of the reference sample by using 0.05% of retarding admixture. It is observed that compressive strength of samples with 5% waste is similar to the reference sample. As a result, it has been found that 5 percent solid waste can be used in the cement as a minor constitute.

A 71-year-old patient with no past medical history consulted for the management of acute urinary retention. His PSA level was 87 ng/mg. A prostate biopsy revealed xanthogranulomatous prostatitis. Our case aims to discuss the epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and therapeutic characteristics of this rare disease which is a difficult differential diagnosis with other prostatic lesions.