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This study investigated contributions of industrial wastewater on quality of receiving urban rivers and streams in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania, to establish their contamination levels and assess risks to human health and ecology. Water and sediment samples from 21 locations were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, nutrients and toxic metals. Pollution status was evaluated by contamination indices and comparison with benchmarks. Results showed high levels of dissolved solids, nutrients and toxic metals in water and significant levels of contamination in sediments. Poorly treated industrial effluents contributed in contaminating the receiving rivers; however significant levels of contamination were found to originate from other upstream sources as well. These findings indicate high risk to human health and the environment.

Data on acute toxicity and safety of fenugreek still not sufficient. Hence the objective of this study is to investigate the acute toxicity of fenugreek seeds aqueous extract (FSA) in vivo. Twelve male Swiss albino mice, were randomly divided into control (C), and three treated (T1, T2, and T3) groups (n = 3 each). T1, T2, and T3 were given 3gm, 6gm, and 9gm/kg body weight FSA respectively. Intragastric divided doses of FSA were given as per OECD guidelines 425. Continuous observation of signs of acute toxicity and survival set up. Body weight was measured every 3 days, blood glucose level was measured after 6 hours, then on days 3, 7, and 14. Liver function test was measured on days 3 and 14 which is the day of sacrificing the mice. Liver was dissected and processed for histopathological examination.Administration of 9g/kg body weight of FSA showed 66.7% survival rate, while the lower FSA doses showed 100% survival. 3, 6, and 9g/kg body weight FSA failed to induce any signs of acute toxicity. Furthermore, no significant effect shown on mice body weight, blood glucose level and liver enzymes. Histologically, all FSA administered doses showed mild portal inflammation, mild mononuclear cell infiltration in hepatic parenchyma, in addition to mild bile stasis induced only in mice received 9g/kg of FSA. FSA showed minimum lethal oral dose and mild liver histopathological inflammatory changes.

Normalization is a correct process for good relational database design of an application but not a complete. To support this, in a Boyce-Codd normal form design, three relations are designed from the two functional dependencies. Clearly, this is a setback in the basic aim of normalization i.e. reduction in database redundancy. The indecision here is that can we reduce the database redundancy further? Secondly, the database designers are creating the relations from the set of attributes and functional dependencies existing among them. The human work in the design process may lead to ambiguity and incorrect relations when the set of attributes and functional dependencies are large. The design of automated process for the human work overcomes this lacuna. The researchers have shown that there is a natural correspondence between the hypergraph and relational database schema. Beeri .et .al introduced a special class of hypergraphs known as ‘acyclic’, where the properties of relational database are equivalent to ‘ -acyclicity’. Another researcher Fagin introduced ‘ -acyclicity, which establishes the condition of unique relationship among the attributes. Hence, the amelioration of hypergraph from cyclic to acyclic satisfies the properties of relational database. Our paper proposes a methodology that takes the functional dependencies, attributes set as an input, and identifies the candidate key attributes. From the candidate key attributes, the hypergraph is redefined for the ‘acyclicity’ by the isolation of functional dependency (ies) framed by the candidate key attributes.

In the present study, the objective was to study the synthesis and analyses the zinc sulphide nanoparticles from Phyllanthus Emblica leaf extract. The study revealed that the plant extract possessed significant phytochemicals. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaf extract and analyzed using UV, FTIR, SEM and XRD. Different functional groups were found to be present indicating the presence of diverse compounds in the extract. The zinc sulphide nanoparticles also possessed potent antimicrobial activity against many pathogenic organisms.

Innovation in Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) is one of the required methods in this transformation era, thus a leader plays an important role in ensuring the successfulness of an organization. Which is, leader must have the leadership skill and it become a key component of an organization, management and administration of educational organizations and systems on going for future. This research was focused on five aspects which are attitude or personality of a leader, experience of a leader in administration as well as Learning and Teaching process (L & T), school environment, an organization’s financial and leader workloads. The objectives of this research is to investigate the limiting factors of leaders’ innovation and the encouragement that can help motivate the leader in implementing innovation in TVE. There were 48 respondents of technical teachers from Batu Pahat Vocational College for this research. This research is a quantitative survey and a set of questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The data will analyze the percentage, mean score and standard deviation. This research indicates that technical teachers have been moderately implementing innovation in their L & T process. The support from management encourage teacher to fully implementing the practices in school.Beside, these technical teachers had shown a positive attitude in making this innovation as a culture in their school.

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship among developed and emerging stock markets of different countries. In developed countries there are four stock markets (Australia stock exchange, London Stock exchange, U.S Stock exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange) where in developing countries (Bombay Stock Exchange, Colombo Stock Exchange and Chinghai Stock Exchange). Ten year data has been taken for the period from 2003 to 2012. Monthly data was taken and total numbers of observation are 120. Using the co-integration analysis we find out the long run relationship among these stock exchanges. Further for stationarity of data we use unit root test and then used Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, vector error correction model, granger causality test, variance decomposition test and impulse response test is used to examine the existence of long run relationships. Data was stationary at first difference then we used co-integration technique. Analysis shows that KSE has long run association with developing as well as developed countries. There is a unidirectional causality between KSE, Colombo and BSE30 among the developing countries. This means that movement in KSE leads toward movement in Colombo and BSE30. On the other hand, variance decomposition of KSE shows that mostly variation in the return of KSE is due to its internal factors.

An important social impact assessment of an intervention is the extent to which the project/intervention has impacted positively on the welfare of the beneficiaries. To this end, a comparative assessment of the impact of National Fadama Development Project (NFDP) - 11 on the beneficiaries and non – beneficiaries was conducted. Two local governments (one each from benefiting and non – benefiting) state was selected into the study. Internationally acceptable measures (age for weight, age for height of children (girls) of 0 - 3 years) were collected from the benefiting and non – benefiting farmers. Questionnaires were administered on 100 purposively selected fadama famers from each of the local government to elicit information on their NFDP – II benefits and fadama practices. Average weights and heights of the sampled children and their respective standard deviations were: 13.56 ± 3.45(kg); 78.9 ± 0.99(cm) and 9.93 ± 2.54(kg); 61.6 ± 1.31(cm) for the benefiting and non - benefiting farmers. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that there are significant differences in the heights and the weights of the children of benefiting and non – benefiting farmers. When sampled data were compared with the modeled data from FAO, 2006, the results indicated that there is no significant difference in the weights and heights of all the children. The increased income and improved standard of living of the benefiting fadama farmers could be attributed NFDP - 11 interventions. While the findings of this study should be applied with caution, it has however provided the scientific basis for the continuation of the programme in the benefiting areas and the initiation of the programme in the non – benefiting areas.

The concept of Soft storey has taken its place in the Indian urban environment due to the fact that it provides the parking facility in the soft storey of the building. The cost of construction of this type of building is much less than that of a building with basement parking. The collapse mechanism of such type of building is predominantly due to the formation of soft-storey behavior in the ground storey of this type of building. The sudden reduction in lateral stiffness and mass in the ground storey results in higher stresses in the columns of soft storey under seismic loading. The study of behaviour of RCC structure with change in soft storey location for that G+4 RCC structure with parameter define liner is modeled and analysis 6 times. In which case 1 is for the structure without infill wall where case 2 to case 6 is for the RCC structure with infill wall except soft storey at particular levels. The result are considered under maximum bending moments shear force, storey displacement, base shear value. From the analysis, it is observe very clearly that the displacement of structure without infill wall is considerable very high as that compared to structure with infill wall. Further it is observe that, when the soft storey at ground level the nodal displacement are more and as the location of soft storey moves to the upper floor of displacement value decrease when the soft storey at the top. The reaction value increase when the soft storey location changes from top to bottom. The nature in base shear distribution changes with the change in soft storey location from the study done

Design and analysis of model reference adaptive control systems based on Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) rule and Lyapunov rule are applied to a bioreactor first order process. The system is simulated using Matlab simulink and it is investigated for various values of adaptation gain of the process. Performance of the adaptive controller is compared with the PI&PID controller (using Chien–Hrones–Reswick (CHR) rule) for a step input.

TRAP sequence and conjoined twining are two congenital anomalies specified to monozygous pregnancies.This case report is a unique case of conjoined twins with TRAP sequence that conjoined from mouth of pump fetus.A 28 years old woman was referred due to active phase of labour with an ultrasonography report of conjoined twins (twins were joined at head and neck), which one was acarida acephalous fetus. At the time of operation delivery because of junction between twins at the site of mouth between pump fetus and TRAP fetus, There was no choice other than separation of twins by manual pressure.