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The idea behind this study is to provide a solution on some problems faced in Indian Railways. Points taken in concern while working on this study are Cleanliness & power generation. Those it has been mentioned everywhere to do not use lavatories while train is at station, still it is observed that such notice is merely followed. Using some techniques like piezoelectric sensors for power generation and RFID for lavatory door locking automation, we can solve the problem faced.

The situation that is obtainable in South Africa judging from the historical and socio-political perspective is one in which the black majority lived under the oppressive apartheid regime designed, manipulated and controlled by the white minority. Racial discrimination, an inherent effect of the apartheid policy of the white minority has reduced the blacks to a state of the underprivileged in their fatherland. Racial discrimination in this respect means the state of feeling estranged or separated from one's environment, culturally, socially, economically, politically and otherwise. Its effects on the sociological well being of the individual cannot be overemphasized. The dramatic works of Athol Fugard, a South Africa playwright, have had close sympathy for the situation of the life of blacks in South Africa. The major literary themes of his plays include racial segregation, oppression, deprivation and subjugation. These and the inherent effects of the apartheid laws on the oppressed in South Africa are the main focus in Athol Fugard's play: Sizwe Bansi is Dead are used as a case study in this submission.

To assess fetal and maternal outcome in PROM, and also to know the risk factors behind these cases. Methods: It is a prospective study done in our hospital from January 2014 to June 2014 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Result: Out of 100 cases, the incidence of LSCS is 12.33% in the study group and birth asphyxia about 6.6% and Respiratory distress in fetus around 14.66%. Conclusion: PROM must be managed by inducing labour either by PGE2 or Misoprostol to reduce the rate of infection and by decreases the chances of baby stay in NICU( neonatal intensive care unit).

In parametric speech synthesis algorithms, a sequence of signals corresponding to phonemes is generated. However, synthesized speech tends to be unnatural as the vocal tract transition from one phoneme to another is not considered in most of the existing algorithms. This paper attempts to model the phoneme transition by extracting the speech parameters by means of Linear Time Varying system based Auto Regressive model. To reduce the capacity Speech parameters were represented in a polynomial equations. Sinusoidal Noise model was used to reconstruct the phoneme transition region. The results show moderate correlation of reconstructed transition regions with synthesized signal for different orders of polynomial.

Various phenomena occur in Air dielectric when a voltage is applied. When low voltage is applied, small current flows between the electrodes and the insulation retains its electrical properties. If the applied voltage is large, the current flowing through the insulation increases very sharply and an electrical breakdown occur. A strongly conducting spark formed during breakdown, practically produces a short circuit between the electrodes. The maximum voltage applied to the insulation at the moment of breakdown is called the breakdown voltage. For a uniform gap, the effect of humidity on the breakdown voltage is negligible. For non-uniform gaps such as rod-sphere, point-sphere like gaps the influence of humidity is found to be of significant. A correction procedure recommended by IEC is commonly used for converting the measured voltage or the test voltage from non-standard to standard reference atmosphere. So the result in analysis is then corrected into the standard reference conditions [in STP].

Understanding in mathematics is mainly concerned with building up connections between mathematical concepts. Literature reveals if we are succeeded in embedding one mathematical concept into another then this lead to better understanding in mathematics. In pursuance of this idea twenty pre-lectures were prepared from grade 10th level mathematics textbook keeping in view the predictions of information processing model. In each pre-lecture efforts were made to build up connections between the previous, existing and coming mathematical concepts. To find out the effectiveness of pre-lectures and to in-depth the students concepts twenty post-tests were prepared keeping in view Blooms’ taxonomy. The subjects of this study consisted of two secondary schools in Cantt/ Garrison setup Peshawar Pakistan. The whole sample (n=114) consisted of boys (n=78) and girls (n=36). The boys’ sample (n=78) further divided into with pre-lecture group (n=39) and without pre-lecture group (n=39). Similarly the girls’ sample further divided into with pre-lecture group (n= 18) and without pre-lecture group (n=18). The data collection was continued through out the whole academic session 2011-12. The data analysis was made by using t-test at 5% level of significance. The results revealed as whole the students with pre-lecture performed significantly better than the students without pre-lecture. The findings outlined that the use of pre-lecture strengthened mathematical connections, which further enhanced their understanding in mathematics.

Co-curriculum is an important learning component in order to help develop a pupil in full in terms of physical, spiritual, mental, emotional and enhancing values. This study aims to discuss the process element management curriculum of planning, organizing, directing and controlling by co-curriculum’s management team in school of the components human, physical and financial. This study focus on principals role which have to apply the elements of planning, organizing, directing and control in the manage school curriculum. Best practices of principals include planning, organizing, directing and controlling the extra-curricular activities at school. In conclusion, the best practice principals play a role very important in order to produce excellent students as envisaged in Philosophy National Education. 

In this information era in which people are facing huge amounts of incoming information and communicating too many people who are trying to convince others, teachers’ ability to think and to teach critically gains an ever greater saliency as a prime goal of education. To this end, the present study was an attempt to investigate whether collaborative assessment can enhance teachers’ critical thinking abilities through empowering them. The collected data consisted of think aloud protocols of 24 individual and 12 collaborative raters. The results were qualitatively analyzed in search of themes relevant to empowerment as a critical educational practice among raters/teachers. Transcription of think aloud protocols, comments written down by raters, marginal notes of papers, and qualitative analyses revealed that collaborative assessment as an activity in EFL pedagogy seems to empower raters and provide them with opportunities to express their ‘voice’. The findings of this study provide insight into a more effective assessment which contribute to enhancing teachers/raters’ critical thinking and present suggestions for further research.

In this Chapater we prove two important results. Let L be a lattice. A congruence of L is said to be uniform, if any two congruence classes of are of the same size. The lattice L is said to be uniform, if all congruences of L are uniform. We prove that every finite distributive lattice D can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite uniform lattice.