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The Discrete Tchebichef Transform (DTT) based on orthogonal Tchebichef polynomials can be an alternative to Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for JPEG image compression standard. The properties of DTT are not only very similar to DCT; it has also higher energy compactness and lower computational advantage using a set of recurrence relation. In this, DTT is coupled with Set partitioning in hierarchical coding techniques (SPIHT).It has been demonstrated that, DTT requires lesser number of bits to encode the coefficients than DCT for a given compression ratio. We present SPIHT which provides better performance than EZW .Later median filter is added in order to increase the PSNR and improve the quality the taken input image.

Solar energy applications have become one of the most promising alternatives to electricity production. Solar cells are also being used to equip many isolated consumers in areas far from the central grid around the world. In this experimental work, the effect of solar radiation on solar cell output such as voltage, current, and efficiency of a solar panels was investigated in the conditions of the city of Baghdad, Iraq climates. The data has been recorded using calibration devices. An analysis of the relationship between the intensity of solar radiation and the cell output was performed for voltage and efficiency. The results of the study show that the relationship between the intensity of solar radiation and cell output is a direct and very important relationship if not the most important among all the atmospheric variables. That increasing the intensity of solar radiation caused an increase in current output which means greater cell efficiency.

Onions are highly nutritious vegetables widely cultivated by small scale farmers worldwide and form the basis of everyday meals. The study consisted of two sets, each with 10 replicates. One set was irrigated with wastewater and the other with tap water for 8 weeks. Onion samples were randomly selected from each pot and analysed for heavy metal (Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni) concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Results obtained showed that heavy metal concentrations in bulbs and leaves of onions irrigated with wastewater exceeded the safe limits (p< 0.05) whilst heavy metal concentrations in bulbs and leaves of onions irrigated with tap water were lower and within the safe limits (p> 0.05). The study also showed that type of irrigation water (wastewater or tap water) had an effect on heavy metal concentration in bulbs and leaves (p= 0.001) whilst plant tissue type (bulb or leaf) had no significant effect on the concentration of heavy metals in onions. This study highlights the potential risks involved in the cultivation and consumption of vegetables using wastewater for irrigation, a practice which may place at risk the health of the urban population who consume these vegetables.

Efficacies of the chloroform and aqueous extracts of the leaf, stem and root of three indigenous plants viz. Calotropis procera, Polygonum hydropiper and Thevetia neriifolia against the larval mortality and reproductive potential of two urban mosquitoes Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. are reported here. Results show that the chloroform extracts of C. procera leaf (LC50 = 167.48 ppm), P. hydropiper stem (LC50 = 341.79 ppm) and T. neriifolia leaf (LC50 = 209.45 ppm) had excellent larvicidal effect on Cx. quinquefasciatus. The aqueous extracts of C. procera stem (LC50 = 207.18 ppm), P. hydropiper stem (LC50 = 634.92 ppm) and T. neriifolia leaf (LC50 = 453.34 ppm), however, had relatively milder larvicidal effect on the mosquitoes under study. Both the extracts significantly reduced percentage of egg-hatch and adult emergence per raft, lengthened immature duration and increased immature mortality in all the treatment groups. The chloroform extracts had a significantly negative effect on the number of eggs per raft, but both chloroform and aqueous extracts failed to induce any appreciable effect on the female ratio. Compared to the aqueous extracts, chloroform extracts are much more efficient against Cx. quinquefasciatus productivity. Results on Ae. aegypti indicated that the leaf extracts of C. procera (LC50 =696.14 ppm), the stem extract of P. hydropiper (LC50 =1164.36 ppm), and the leaf extract of T. neriifolia (LC50 =872.91 ppm) had significant larvicidal effects compared to the respective controls. In general, the extracts significantly reduced egg-laying, decreased egg-hatch, lengthened immature duration, and increased immature mortality culminating in reduced adult emergence. A comparison of the larvicidal efficacy of the extracts against the two mosquito species reveals that Cx. quinquefasciatus is more sensitive to the plant extracts than Ae. aegypti. However, further research is solicited to evaluate the impact, persistence and effectiveness of these extracts against the vector mosquitoes under indoor and field conditions.

Today there are more end user programmers than professional programmers. since there is ample evidence that programs which end users create have led to huge expenses, software quality is necessary. In this paper End User Software Engineering (EUSE) and related terminology will be defined, then compared with professional software engineering. Finally to aid end user programmers for improving their software quality, some tools will be introduced.

To further speed up the drilling operations and thus further reducing costs and lower risk operations, we can simulate and predict the conditions to achieve desired results. For this to work with programming and According to data from directional wells drilled in Ahvaz field, can to reached Optimum value for drilling in this field. With The modeling of well conditions and Drilling parameters as for Existing wells in this field, we will find the identical and reliable and functional model. Many factors are effective in rate of penetration. Neural network modeling for the relationship between these variables is very important and many help to optimization the process. In this paper, Using Bourgoyne and Young's equation explains the relationship between these variables. The first step in the application of neural networks made model at the starting drilling point of well. Neural network data can be divided into three parts. 70% of data for network training and 15% of the data for the network Validation and 15% of the data for network sensitivity analysis has been assigned. The percentage error in the calculations must reach down. Because the Studies with the optimal values should be to reduce the risk and acceleration of drilling process. Cycle process are includes approximately 2-4 million estimate for each analysis. All of these processes are repeated for Establish a relationship between variables and graphs.

After cereals, oil seeds are the second source of food, and canola is the third source of oil seeds crop in the world after palm oil and soybean. This study was performed as factorial in RCBD design, First factor included cultivars (Zarfam, Talaye, Okapy) and second factor included drought stress (control, 60% FC, 40%Fc), also some properties were studied such as Superoxide dismutase, Proxidase, Catalase, yield. Totally, results showed that antioxidant enzymes increase as one mechanism in responses to stress and cultivars had different amount of enzyme unit. Between cultivars Zarfam and Talaye had highest antioxidant enzyme, respectively, highest means of SOD (31.6), POD (46) and CAT (23 Enzyme activity unit per mg protein) were obtained by Zarfam cultivar in 40% FC condition. Enzyme unit increased by increasing of drought levels and Zarfam, Talaye and Okapy showed 219, 198 and 112 gr/m2 yield in 40% FC condition.

As one of the most successful applications of image analysis, face recognition has recently received significant attention, especially in recent years. The reason for this trend is the wide range of commercial, real and law enforcement applications. The availability of feasible technologies for the recognition of face images acquired in an outdoor environment with changes in illumination and/or pose remains a largely unsolved problem. This paper provides an upto date survey of face recognition research. In addition, issues of illumination and pose variation are covered.

Data mining is a technique that utilizes a range of data to provide valuable information. Customer relationship management through data mining can be a powerful tool for attracting, retaining, and promoting customers in today businesses. Banks, financial institutions, and insurance institutions are of those business that collect and storage many data from their customers on a daily basis. This research on one of private banks in Khomein city was accomplished in September 2012 in which 5939 customers with 7199 transactions were studied. These transactions were modeled using four demographic characteristics including age, gender, education, and occupation. At first, data was preprocessed which was the most time-consuming part of the study. After that, using visualization technique, graphic display of customers' demography was obtained. And then, the customers' transactions were predicted based on their transaction volume and probability, and it was checked whether the customers accept the bank's new service (i. e. instant card issuance) by using decision tree algorithm. Finally, the customers were clustered by conducting the two step algorithm and the result was that the cluster of 2543 transactions (cluster 1) is comprised of target customers. The characteristics of customers in target cluster are the age of 25~40, often having a bachelor degree, and be self-employed.

The major part of Eastern Ghats comes under the state of Tamil Nadu. It is spread over three States of India, namely Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The author had collected this species the first time in localities of Odamandurai odai, Karanthamalai hills, Dindigul district of Eastern Ghats, form the shady places and River margins. Recorded only from North of Tamil Nadu, the present collection assumes significance as the first report of an extended distribution to central Tamil Nadu.