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Our present study, we have reported the novel use of the aquous leaf extract of Gnetum ula to produce gold nanoparticles by reduction of AuCl4?ions. The phytochemicals present in the leaf extract served as effective reducing and capping agent. The gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized by UV–visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM studies showed the particles to be of various shapes and sizes. High-resolution TEM image confirmed a fcc phase and high crystallinity of the particles. The XRD patterns showed a (1 1 1) preferential orientation of the gold nanoparticles. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements showed the GNPs having a coating of phenolic compounds indicating a possible role of biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the gold nanoparticles. AuNPs of Gnetum ula were having significant anti-arthritic activity.

Globalisation, urbanisation and construction are unstoppable in nature and so are the risks associated with construction. Construction in 21st century demand timely completion and has pressure on the stakeholders to mitigate the risks during and after the construction project. Survey was conducted globally for the assessment of impact of construction documents and records on project management. 103 responses were recorded from Qatar, U.A.E., U.S., Kenya and many cities of India. It can be briefed that documentation and record keeping should be an integrated part of the respective firm in order to avoid time overrun, and cost overrun. Efficient recordkeeping and documentation help for management of risk related to process, legal, material, quality and at same time are supportive for better decision making leading sustainability in project management.

Companies need project portfolio management (PPM) to deal with the increasing number of projects and used it to ensure strategic arrangement and adequate use of available resources. Moreover, customers were demand more attention from their suppliers. The management of a project portfolio and the corresponding customers, supplier’s engagement signified a link between PPM and external stakeholder’s engagement. Supplier engagement in project portfolio management success had become an increasingly popular technique for improving project capability and project performance in PPM. By defining the range of PPM, this study hypothesized a connection between external stakeholders like customers and supplier’s engagement and project portfolio management success. The results were based on a cross-sectional sample of 100 well known Software Houses in Lahore, Pakistan. Study employed Pearson’s correlation and step wise hierarichal regression to find the results. Study found a significant relationship between customers and supplier’s engagement and PPM success. While moderating effect of role clarity showed partial moderation.

Students in this 21st century benefit from the Inquiry Based Learning style of teaching and learning as the methods applied by the teachers help students to comprehend topics completely making the learning environment fun, joyful and lessons are easier to grasp. This article informs the audience about the effective implementation of the Inquiry Based Learning specifically in letting the students take ownership of their own learning which leads to enhanced critical thinking. Inquiry Based Learning is closely linked with the pedagogies of the International Baccalaureate making it easier and effective for both teachers and students to ride on the same boat smoothly while understanding the concept of the standard and practices of the International Baccalaureate while working on the methodologies of the Inquiry Based Learning. In this research the benefits of Inquiry Based Learning on International Baccalaureate students have been discussed, and through students’ responses, and classroom observations it is evident that Inquiry Based Learning has a positive impact on International Baccalaureate students developing them to become lifelong learners. After the qualitative analysis was done on the Primary Year students, three interesting developments were found with the use of Inquiry Based Learning in class, developing deeper understanding, developing critical thinking skills and development of social skills.

Surveillance was carried out in the xerophytic climatic condition of Kalakkad forest area (8°41’ N 77°19’E) to study the arousal and foraging behaviour of the Linshcosteus karupus (Galvao et. al.) during different dusk timing in two successive years. The photoperiod, temperature and humidity recorded at the time of investigation were 12 ± 2 hrs, 22°C – 26°C and 76% – 82% respectively. Triatomine bugs are most important vector of trypanosomiasis or Chaga’s disease, a protozoan infection of man and other mammals caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas). These bugs are nocturnal and prefer to feed and mate after the sunset. Therefore our study was conducted precisely after dusk. In our study maximum number of L. karupus were noticed late after sunset i.e. between 8- 9 pm in two years, May 2013 and May 2014. The wind formation timing was a key factor in the arousal and foraging behaviour of this bug. Similarly when the wind velocity reached to the upper day’s limit i.e. ? 6 but > 3 Km/hr again maximum individuals were collected. The total of thirteen bugs was collected when the wind was at high velocity, among them eight adults and five fifth nymphal instars. Among adults greater numbers was of males which provide a very clear idea about the attraction of adults males to females and to their hosts through the olfactory sense by wind. Observation was also made about the response of these bugs to the air temperature, as the temperature declined the number of bugs seemed aroused in an increased number. At the temperature below 22°C at kalakkad hills forest, the total collected individuals of L. karupus were eleven; this number was more than twice the bugs reported at temperature above 24°C. In the delayed condition of wind formation, the bugs suddenly started to appear when wind picked speed and the number of individuals reached to maximum limit all at once. It was presuming that insects are waiting for the wind to blow and it may be the conditional respond of its feeding behaviour. In our surveillance studies all attempted were done to understand the natural arousal and behaviour of these haematophagous bugs in its natural habitat.

Assessment on rivers and streams water quality should incorporate aspects of chemical, physical, and biological. The objective of this paper was to review the current primary concerned aspects and practiced method in river water quality research in Malaysia. The present day, method of determining river water quality in Malaysia is based mainly on physical and chemical parameters. Concentration on chemical and physical parameters is particularly surprising in judging natural waters where the main aim is often preservation of biological amenities. Numerous studies have indicated biological method has many advantages over chemical and physical method, such as; cheaper, easier, less time consuming, reliable, and can give indications of water quality for a long period of time. We do not advocate to abandoning physical and chemical assessments; rather, we note the inadequacy of the assessments to give complete information on river water quality. Therefore, Malaysia should start to anticipate and integrate the biological aspects into water quality studies and extensively make use of them to improve water quality monitoring in Malaysia. Successfulness on this will enhance water quality monitoring and management in Malaysia.

In knowledge-based economics, products and organizations live and die based on knowledge. Today, intellectual capital and human Resource productivity that are used for organizational value increase and creation are one of the most important anxieties of managers in each organization. This research has been also done by objective of exploring intellectual capital effects analysis on human Resource productivity. Present research method is surveying-descriptive and according to objective it is applicable. Statistical society of this research is Isaco company that 200-person sample by simple random method have been selected using statistical sample volume determination formulation of Cochran and a questionnaire was distributed among them which validity and perpetuity have been confirmed to gather data and after gathering, they have analyzed using correlation test. Results obtained show that intellectual capital in 99% confidence has great effect on human Resource productivity. Moreover, obtained results indicate that feedback elements organizational support, job cognition improvement, motivation, deciding validity, employees’ ability and adaptation with environment.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intellectual capital (IC) efficiency of Indian banking sector in utilizing intellectual capital and capital employed to run the organization by using the data envelopment analysis methodology. The authors use three individual components of value added intellectual coefficient as the input variables, and Tobin’s Q and return on equity as the output variables. Examining a sample of 35 banks in financial years 2009-2013, findings of this study show that banks listed on the Mumbai stock exchange invest most of their resources in Structural Capital as compared to Human Capital and Physical Capital, and The Jammu & Kashmir Bank Limited, Indian Overseas Bank, HDFC Bank Ltd., State Bank of India, Federal Bank Ltd. and Yes Bank Limited are the most efficient company of all the sample banks, since they have the highest coefficient of intellectual capital super efficiency based on Anderson and Peterson model. The benchmarking analysis of this study may shed light for the managers in banks to benchmark and improve their efficiency in intellectual capital management. The overall average values of Technical efficiency 0.756, Pure technical efficiency 0.984 and Scale efficiency 0.766 suggest that managers of banks are inefficient in scale efficiency intellectual capital due to the technical problem and not managing intellectual capital.

This paper investigated the influence of cowpea characteristics on cowpea prices in Akure Metropolis of Ondo State, Nigeria, using an analysis of covariance model approach. A total of 104 cowpea sellers were randomly selected from chosen in the markets. Interview schedule with the aid of structural questionnaire was used to collect data from markets: Oja oba, Isinkan, Adedeji, Araromi, and Isolo in the study area. 12% of the cowpea sellers were from Oja-oba, 27.88% from Isinkan, 18.27% from Araromi, 16.35% from Adedeji and 15.38% from Isolo market respectively. 72.12% were female while the rest 27.88% were male. 64.42% of the cowpea sellers sold all the varieties of cowpea in the study area i.e. Peu/Drum, Sokoto white, Mala, Olo and Oloyin. 38.46% of the cowpea sellers sold Peu/Drum for its popularity. 44.23% of them sold Sokoto for its popularity. 30.77% of them sold Mala for customary reasons, 31.73% of them sold Olo for its popularity, 30.77% of them sold Oloyin for its availability and nutritive value. 49.04% of the cowpea sellers said that their customers use the cowpea bought for all it can be used for. From the study, 37.50% of the cowpea sellers said that their customers prefer Oloyin for whole grain cooking because of its colour and flavour, 8.65% of them said that their customers prefer Oloyin for whole grain cooking due to its quick cooking quality. 31.73% of the cowpea sellers said that their customers prefer both Peu/Drum and Sokoto for making fried balls (akara) because of its peeling and binding quality. 32.69% of the cowpea sellers said that their customers prefer both Peu/Drum and Sokoto for steamed cake (moin-moin) for its flavour and texture. The mean prices of peu/drum cowpea, sokoto white cowpea, mala cowpea, olo cowpea and oloyin cowpea are ?362.50, ?263.75, ?296.83, ?304.81, and ?393.85. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) which was used capture price-quality relationship of the type of cowpea purchased by consumers revealed that there is a significant relationship between the number of holes in each of the cowpea varieties and their respective prices in the various markets sampled in the study area. Hence, the numbers of holes appear to be the major determining factors affecting the prices of various cowpea types in the study area.

In recent years, the use of pesticides in agriculture has been increasing steadily. The pesticides which are liberated into the aquatic environment have a deleterious effect on fish and subsequently to man. Pyrethroids insecticides, including lambda-cyhalothrin (trade name Karate) are widely used for the control of insect pests all over the world to increase the production of food grain and other agricultural products. It may also be used in public health applications to control insects such as cockroaches, mosquitoes, ticks and flies may act as a disease vector. However, with the steadily increasing use of lambda-cyhalothrin, there is an urgent need to identify their possible effects on living organisms. Majority of the studies concerning effects of pesticide have been confined to the acute toxicity tests with the death of fish as an end point. Acute toxicity tests aimed at estimating the effect of toxicants on organisms in a short period of time. The static bioassay procedure was used to study the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin on Etroplus suratensis. The experimental fish E.suratensis were exposed to different concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin. Ten healthy fishes were introduced into each concentration and the mortality was observed after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hrs of exposure. The 96 hrs LC50 value of lambda-cyhalothrin to E.suratensis was 0.107 ppm respectively. The results showed that, the mortality rate of E.suratensis increased with the increase in the concentration of lambda-cyhalothrin, but, this phenomenon was not observed in control. Based on the result, lambda-cyhalothrin is highly toxic to Etroplus suratensis, therefore its use near fish farms or in areas close to aquatic bodies should not be encouraged.