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This study is an attempt to investigate empirical justification for selection and number of components used in evaluation criteria based on which scoring scales are developed and score is assigned; a need which is felt by many scholars. Following the literature eight evaluation criteria was selected and a scoring scale was developed. 124 scripts (totally 248) for each task of letter writing and argumentation were scored analytically with the selected eight components. Then the scores were tested through a number of statistical procedures (Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis) to empirically examine the underlying components of writing against which quality of writing was assessed. The results indicate that it is possible to have a standard to empirically justify the selection and number of components. However, this finding is not conclusive and there are still some uncertainties which warrant further studies.

Menstrual Hygiene and Management is an issue that is insufficiently acknowledged and has not received adequate attention in Reproductive Health and water sanitation and Hygiene in most of the developing countries including India. Its relationship with and impact on achieving many Millennium Development Goals is rarely acknowledged. It is clear that measure to adequately address menstrual hygiene and management will directly contribute to MDG-7 on Environment Sustainability and indirectly to MDG-2 on universal education and MDG-3 on gender equality and women empowerment(Water Aid Publication,2009).However the attention on this issue is far from sufficient. Adolescence in girls has been recognized as a special period in their life cycle that requires specific and special attention. In Tamilnadu the adolescents constitute nearly 19.5 percent of the total population of the state. Among the female population the adolescent girls constitute more than 19.3 percent. The rural adolescent girls constitute nearly 56.8 percent to the total adolescent girls to Tamilnadu. With the above background this study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the knowledge of girls about menstruation and menstrual hygiene practices and health issues and challenges faced by adolescent school girls during menstruation. The present study was undertaken among the adolescent school girls in the rural settings of Cuddalore district in Tamilnadu. Five Government Higher Secondary Schools situated in villages of C.Mutlur, Keerapalayam, Kodipallam, Kavarapattu, and Thandavarayan Cholagan Pettai situated at Chidambaram Taluk, were selected for this study. The findings obtained through different methods and tools used in the study have been organized and presented under the four themes of Knowledge and beliefs, Experience during Menstruation, Restrictions and Absenteeism and Hygienic Practices.

Natural products remain either the source of the inspiration for a significant proportion of the new small molecule chemical entities introduced as drugs. Actinomycetes are the largest antibiotic producing genus in the microbial world discovered so far. The number of antimicrobial compounds reported from the different species of actinomycetes per year has increased almost exponentially for about two decades. As marine environment are different from terrestrial it is concluded that marine actinomycetes might produce various types of novel bioactive compounds and enormous antibiotics. The objectives of this study is to isolate actinomycetes from salt pans of Marakanam to optimize and screen the production of secondary metabolites from the isolated, two isolated selected actinomycetes and to the check the antimicrobial activity of these metabolites against pathogens. Out of 30 actinomycetes isolates Ros11 and Ros25 were screened and characterized based on antimicrobial properties. The secondary metabolites were extracted from Ros 11 and Ros 25 by chemical solvents, ethyl acetate and acetone. Using well diffusion method it was observed that secondary metabolites of Ros 25 formed maximum inhibition zones, 10mm, 12mm and 15mm against Staphylococcus aureus and fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigates, respectively. The Ros 25 isolate could be the better candidate for the production of antibacterial and antifungal compounds.

This treatise presents evidence that education theory and practice is a process that integrates the knower, the known, and the process of knowing. It is an activity of integrating what is taught and learner’s experience to the existing curricula of pedagogy in learning institutions. The purpose of this discourse is to divulge the connectivity of the knower, or learner; the known, or subject matter; and the processes of knowing. The initial section presents a collocation of what is taught with the learner’s awareness in education practice. The second part analyzes the nature of the knower, the known, and the process of knowing. It suggests that the deficiencies in education practice as reflected in the systems of education emanate from the limited correlation of these three mandatory facets in objective knowledge. The relativity of correlation of the facets of knowledge is a requisite means of solving the issues facing pedagogical activity as well as proposing an apt guide for the theory and practice within the systems of education. In conclusion, this article highlight that this negation can be contracted by stabilizing the connection between the knower’s awareness, full potentiality of the mind, and substance of knowledge.

In the last two decades since the present political dispensation, Nigeria?s law enforcement system has faced challenges with reconciling the different and often conflicting native and western style of law enforcement in a magnitude that have never been seen before since independence 58 years ago. The citizens have felt disenchanted with the way and manner successive governments have managed to resolve the conflicts for the welfare of the generality, and this has exacerbated situation. Most Nigerians felt that past governments have ignored, and often fought against the effective, efficient, and widely used native law enforcement and social control systems. The official government?s position is hostile to the native law enforcement systems and has continued to date throughout Nigeria and indeed in some African countries. This paper argues that the criminal justice system in Nigeria should be redesigned to either reflect the centrality of the native systems in Nigerian lives or adopt correctly in form and substance the western style if Nigeria is to be a player in the comity of nations in this 21st century.

Short answer questions (SAQs) are one of the popular accepted means of evaluation in medical education. Importance of understanding approach towards Anatomy is beyond doubt. The level of cognitive domain in SAQ should be addressed recall (60%), understanding (20%) and application (10%) is mentioned in the new curriculum 2012. To observe the SAQs of ‘3-years’ 1st professional undergraduate Anatomy written examinations regarding the addressed level of cognitive domain. Study was conducted at the department of Anatomy, Enam medical College, Savar, Dhaka. Twelve (12) Anatomy written SAQ paper from May 2015 to November 2017 of Dhaka University were collected and grouped according to the addressed level of cognitive domain. (76.48%), (74.03 %) of the SAQs of paper-I and paper-II addressed recall, (23.52%), (25.91%) understanding level respectively. There was no application type of question in both papers. No significance difference was observed in between two papers, but significance difference (p<0.001) was found with the curriculum. Keeping the importance of SAQ in mind as assessment tool, should focus for achieving the proposed level of cognitive domain according to the curriculum.

Table of contents for the month of February 2019

The higher the position of manager in management level, the more his complex decisions frequency and the broader the scope and intensity of positive or negative effects. Management laboratory is a tool for development of managers’ decision making skills in simulated or virtual space which allows provision of rapid, scientific and instructive feedback while allowing making different decisions without worry about its consequences. Use of this method in the well known faculties of management in the world (especially Harvard Commercial School) is expanding. The present research studies functions and patterns of management laboratory. In study of functions, effect of management laboratory shows reinforcement of public section in Johari window through education and feedback and self openness. In Webber Theory, manager’s power source reinforces three legal, reward and punishment and specialized sources of managers and provides tools for realizing meritocracy and manager election in ideal bureaucracy pattern. In patterns section, five patterns of physical simulation, virtual simulation, physical games, computer games and temporary organizational rotation have been studied and case study of three successful global experiences and two Iranians experiences has been done. All of these studies show increasing application of management laboratory in the world and necessity of performing more researches on its requirements and challenges.

Menopause is nothing but the complete freedom for a woman from delivering the baby. Women attain menopause at different ages depending upon their health conditions. Menopause has been understood differently in different cultures depending upon its importance and understanding. Women’s reproductive life begins with puberty and end up with menopause. In between this woman will undergo series of reproductive hazards and this cannot be revealed publically. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand ‘menopause’ in a rural setting keeping in view the farm women labourers, who are by and large illiterate and superstitious in nature.

This research was carried out from April 2012 to late August 2012 in Kakan Region as a recreational area around Yasuj (the capital of the Kohgiloye - Boyer Ahmad Province), I. R. Iran. The method used in this study was based on radius point counts. In the study area, 29 terrestrial bird species were identified. According to the “Margalef Index”, the most biodiversity richness was observed in June (3.259) and the least richness in August (3.250). According to “Menhink Index”, the most richness was seen in June (0.395) and the least in August (0.390).According to “Simpson Index”, the max. biodiversity richness was in August (0.928) and the min. biodiversity was June and April (0.925). According to “Shanon-viner Index” the max. biodiversity richness was observed in August (4.250) and the min. biodiversity in June (4.205). According to “Simpson Index” the most uniformity was in August (0.477) and the least uniformity was in June and April (0.460). The diversity of species uniformity indices indicate a high habitat quality around “Kakan” area and status of good conditions for birds which should be considered in the management issues. The suggestions proposed in this article can be effective in improving the conditions for birds in the region.