Social Sciences

Instructional scaffolding techniques like graphic organizers aid L2 learners in the mastery of tasks. This study aimed at exploring the effects of graphic organizers on listening comprehension and incidental vocabulary acquisition. To this end, a total number of 157 Iranian intermediate EFL who met the homogeneity criterion of the Oxford Quick Placement Test were assigned to an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG), through a quasi-experimental design. The participants received a pretest, the instruction, and a posttest. The pedagogical sequences proposed by Vandergrift and Goh (2012) was the underlying roadmap for both CG and EG's instruction. However, the EG's participants were provided with four graphic organizers. In order to assess the efficacy of the graphic organizers, both descriptive analysis and ANCOVA were employed. The results of the study indicated that the EG's participants outperformed their peers regarding both listening comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. Moreover, the data obtained from an interview revealed the learners' positive attitudes towards the treatment. This study could help practitioners in the field of SLA support the use of graphic organizers as instructional scaffolding strategies.

The purpose of this study is to address the gaps in the literature and compare the job satisfaction between school leavers and college graduates. Specifically, the proposed study sought to expand the existing, yet limited research exploring job satisfaction between school-leavers and college graduates. In this study, the comparison includes these factors: the job itself (work conditions, employment benefits, job challenge, job security, and educational benefit), pay, opportunities for promotion, supervisor, and coworkers (Wei & Kopischke, 2001). This study used MSQ as a data gathering tool. The questionnaires were administered to 89 male respondents, 55 are school-leavers and 34 are graduates, and 121 female respondents, 60 are school-leavers and 61 are graduates. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed as a tool to conduct independent t-test, and descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed insignificant differences of job satisfaction between the variables. Several recommendations for future studies were also listed.

Follow-up is a critical phase in the audit process that ensures corrective actions are taken in response to audit findings and recommendations. At the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA), Ghana, internal audits serve as a governance tool to enhance regulatory oversight, compliance, and operational efficiency. However, the benefits of audit recommendations can only be realized if management actively implements them. This paper explores the importance of follow-up in the audit process at the NRA. It presents the findings of a follow-up review conducted at the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA), Ghana, to assess the implementation status of audit recommendations over the period 2021 to 2024. The analysis categorizes recommendations into "Done," "Due but Not Done," and "Not Due," based on their implementation status and due dates. It provides an understanding of how structured follow-up contributes to improved internal controls and better resource management. The paper further outlines the objectives, scope, and methodology used to assess follow-up processes, providing a framework for enhancing audit effectiveness within the Authority.

This research examines the effects of nationality on attitudes of students to study science and mathematics. The main aim is to identify attitude variations of the students living in different geographical areas of the world with particular focus on students from developing and developed countries. It compares data from ‘Trends in International Mathematics and Science Studies’ (TIMSS) 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, ‘Relevance of Science Education’ (ROSE) 2004, ‘Programme for International Students Assessment’ (PISA) 2003, 2006, ‘Science and Scientists’ (SAS) 2002. Findings make it clear that students are positive internationally but students in developing countries are more positive than the students in rich and developed countries in science, mathematics, biology and physics with chemistry as an exception. Overall East Asian students are lowest in their attitude scores in integrated science followed by Australia, North America and Western Europe while South East Asian and African Students are on other end followed by North Asia, and Middle East. It is also observed that the students’ interest in science subjects is increasing with the years. For mathematics again the students of East Asia are lowest in their average scores in all international studies followed by West Europe, Australia and East Europe. On the other end are the nations like Africa, South East Asia, and Middle East. It was suggested that instead of only measuring level and dimension of attitudes, large-scale projects must look for the factors behind the tremendous variance that exists among countries, as well as how and when these attitudes change.

Objective: To understand the personal background factors of study subjects, their current status of family relationship and health promoting lifestyle. To explore the relationship of personal background factors, family relationship of study subjects with their health promoting lifestyle. Design: The population included 176 samples of the older people above 65 in Ren-Ai district, Keelung City, Taiwan. A self-designed structured questionnaire was used as our research tool. Our data were collected through both questionnaire and one-on-one interview, and then processed and analyzed by package software - IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Results: The personal background factors that influenced the seniors’ family relationship are age, gender, education degree, marriage, living status. The personal background factors that influenced the seniors’ health promoting lifestyle are gender, living status. Family relationship has a significantly positive correlation with health promoting lifestyle.. Conclusions: A health promoting lifestyle will help prevent diseases and promote health, and can improve the quality of life. From the results of this study, it can be seen that the relationship between the elderly and their families will affect the health promoting lifestyle. The older the elderly, the more they need to care about their family relationships. We need to pay more attention to the family relationships of illiterate elderly people, divorced or widowed elderly people and elderly people living alone. We need to encourage more male elderly people, elderly people living with spouse and elderly people living alone to implement health-promoting lifestyles.

Majority of the females in Ethiope East has undergone Female circumcision either while as teenage or at the point of getting married orduring conception. Female circumcision is a practice that needs to be discouraged. This would only be possible through public enlightenment campaigns and sensetisation programs to mother and school students alike. The study focused mainly on the causes of Female Circumcision in the area and the consequences of the practice to the victim and the society at large. The rate of this practice was equally looked at and recommendations were also advanced towards discouraging of this practice. In order to achieve this task, a field survey was carried out with various methods. The use of questionnaires, oral interview, direct observation, and archival methods were used in gathering the data. For convenient purpose, six communities were selected in Ethiope East. The communities are Orhoakpor, Kokori Inland, Okpara Inland, Ovu, Eku and Abraka Inland. The data gathered from the field were presented in tables. The Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient was used for the testing and validity of the data to determine the degree of relationship between the data.

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are an important, non-invasive method for early hearing screening that objectively assesses cochlea characteristics. Their usage, specifically brief-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs), enables the accurate diagnosis of hearing abnormalities in infants and early children, frequently before behavioral indications appear. OAEs are fast, cost-effective, and appropriate for a variety of screening settings, including neonatal intensive care units and school programs. Introducing OAEs into infant hearing screening procedures contributes to faster prediction and management, eventually improving the developmental prospects to kids with hearing loss.

Human life in society is a function of several factors and its quality among various styles is thinking worthy. Definitely student life in Iran has said it has its own style. Separation from family and join them together with the stresses of student life style is one of their alienation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of social self-alienation among students of Islamic Azad University branch of Shoushtar with the survey method done in 2012. The results were analyzed using SPSS. The results of the present study also shows a significant relationship between the variables of social distance with social institutions, the media, socio - economic, parental age, gender and level of self-discipline and social alienation.

Rural development hinges on soci-economic and institutional development of the region and the inhabitants. Inclusion of excluded confirms to sumptuous development and amidst women is considered as one of the strong deterministic pillars to it. The “Action-Oriented Learning (AoL)” is a process led approach of inclusion of marginalized to the mainstream development, and thereby ensures sustainable development. The study is assessing the inclusive impact of “Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project-(STEP)” executed in four northern districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh to restore the life and livelihood of tribal adhering in-situ  approaches to rural development as well as fostering due cognizance of social-ecological-institutional factors.

Property tax is generally a tax imposed by municipalities upon owners of real property within their jurisdiction based on the value of such property. This form of tax is reported to be one of the most stable sources of revenue to governments however most state and local governments in Nigeria are yet to tap revenue from this form of tax. Revenue generated from this tax is used to provide basic amenities to the people. The paper examined the prospects of property tax administration in Bauchi state and the factors militating against its implementation. The data for the study was collected from the Bauchi State Board of Internal Revenue and the Bauchi State Ministry of Lands and Housing using the interview method. The study revealed that some of the property taxes were administered in Bauchi state such as stamp duty. The main problems identified that militate against the successful implementation of the taxes are lack of political will and inadequate records on properties. The study concluded that property taxation is not being fully enforced in Bauchi state and very few of the taxes are charged. It was recommended that more professionals (Estate surveyors and Valuers) should be employed in Bauchi State Board of Internal Revenue and the Ministry of Lands and Housing, and laws/edicts supporting the enforcement of the tax be introduced.