Pharmacy

Tuberculosis is considered a re-emerging disease and one of the most important health problems worldwide. Present investigation was the first attempt and the main objective of this research was to test the effect of Acacia nilotica L. leaf and stem bark extracts against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA) method was used to determine the MIC range of plant extracts against the mycobacterial strain. Both bark and leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica L. was observed to possess anti-tuberculosis activity. However, out of them leaves methanolic extract possessed highest antimycobacterial activity as determined by their respective MIC range (0.980 – 3.92 mg/ml ).

This study was conducted to evaluate aqueous & ethanolic extracts of Ficus racemosa for wound healing properties in presence of dexamethasone depressed healing conditions. Reversal mechanism of dexamethasone depressed wound healing properties by Ficus racemosa was determined using the incision and excision wound model. Both the extract reverted the dexamethasone depressed healing effectively when compared with dexamethasone treated group. The results were comparatively significant (p ? 0.05).

A simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Amlodipine, Atenolol and Hydrochlorothiazide in capsules. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an cosmosil packed column 5C18-MS-I I analytical column (250×4.6 mm; 5 ?m) with a mixture of Phosphate buffer:Acetonitrile:Methanol pH 6 adjusted with Ortho phosphoric acid (30:20:50, v/v) as mobile phase; at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 240nm. The retention times were 2.637, 3.148 and 8.492min. for Hydrochlorothiazide, Atenolol and Amlodipine respectively. Calibration plots e linear (r2>0.998) over the concentration range 2-12µg/ml for Amlodipine , 10-60?g/ml Atenolol and 2-12µg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully used for quantitative analysis of capsules. No interference from any component of pharmaceutical dosage form was observed. Validation studies revealed that method is specific, rapid, reliable, and reproducible. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the method for routine determination of Hydrochlorothiazide, Amlodipine and Atenolol in bulk drug and capsule dosage form.

Fast strides are being taken by the pharmaceutical industries and the academics the world over, in research related to recent advances in designing of static diffusion cells to assure batch-to-batch drug release equivalence for semisolid dosage forms and to facilitate an easy performance of quality control tests for semisolids dosage forms. Till today, there are no pharmacopoeial methods recommended to carry out in vitro release tests for semisolid dosage forms and about selection of diffusion cells. Majority of published transport studies, particularly for skin permeation, involves the use of FDC (Franz diffusion cell). Franz diffusion cell is the only existing device recommended both by FDA (Food and drug administration) and OECD (Organization for economic co-operation and development). Unfortunately this device suffers from several limitations such as formation of air bubbles, limited receptor compartment volume, laborious and large variation among experiments. To overcome the above limitations of Franz diffusion cell, several novel diffusional cells were invented like modified Franz diffusion cells, Keshary-Hein cell, Enhancer cell, United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) - 5, 6, 7 apparatus, automatic sampling Kelder cell, Insertion cell and Plexiglas cells etc., but each invented novel diffusion cell encountered other limitations. So until date, there is no widely accepted static diffusion cell recommended by any Pharmacopeias. The primary focus of this review makes an effort to compile some of the related recent findings and highlight some of the major issues related to various diffusion cells developed till today, their comparative assets and limitations.

Health is a familiar component for policy makers around the globe. Health services are provided in different qualities and quantities.The effect of complementary insurance and health care services to vulnerable individuals such as chemical victims and accurate identification of their needs and physician induced demand is a critical issue. This study was conducted to address the effect of complementary insurance on induced demand among 25% or more chemical veterans in Nesar-e- Deereh village, in Kermanshah province, in the first half of 2009. A cross-sectional study was performed in the first half of 2009. Data were collected through a two-part questionnaire, interview with veterans (n=300), general practitioners (n=8) and specialists (n=12). The validity of the questionnaire was verified by obtaining expert opinions of non-contracting specialist and general practitioners, insurance officers, and university professors. Data were analyzed by descriptive tests using the SPSS software. All primary care services were provided free of charge by three general hospitals, two laboratories and three specialist pharmacies and all individuals were covered by complementary insurance. Sixty percent of veterans stated that they visited a specialist only to make sure that they are not sick and that they required check-up tests like CT scanning and etc. According to pharmacists, 85% of prescribed medications lack a therapeutic rationale. According to 44% of patients, general practitioners were more likely to prescribe expensive medications and 38% of patients stated that general practitioners sensitize them to check their health by various treatments and repeated visits. The fact that care is provided free of charge has created this attitude among some that they should make the most of the service as long as physician visits, medication and facilities are available freely. Induced demand can be largely reduced by changing patient attitude, wise use of insurance and more strict supervision of contracting physicians.

The anti MRSA properties of mango seed kernel ethanol extract (MKE) were investigated. The MKE was separated by reverse phase HPLC with acetonitrile linear gradient and also identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and Infrared (IR) for structural characterization of antimicrobial tannin compounds. It showed significant activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the MIC of 0.03mg/ml. These results indicated that the active component of the MKE was a type of complex Tannin.

Now a days in pharmaceutical cadre, multiparticulate dosage forms have shown much importance over single-unit dosage forms. The main objective of designing multiparticulate dosage form is to develop a reliable formulation that has advantages over single unit formulation. It is devoid of the danger of alteration in drug release profile and formulation behavior due to unit to unit variation. The present research emphasizes mainly on qualitative study of “Bottom-Spray Wurster Technology”, by formulation of multiparticulate modified release pellets of tolterodine- tartrate. The aim of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of the Wurster process for preparing modified release pellets and subsequently to evaluate the effects of some independent process variables i.e. inlet air temperature, product temperature, exhaust temperature, atomization speed, spray pump speed and atomization air volume.

Our research found that prenatal alcoholism leads to increase of NO induction and nitrosine stress in the brain of newborn rats, evidenced by the increasing of nitrotyrosine in citosole and mitochondria. By adjusting the ratio of mitochondrial/cytosole concentrations of NO and reactive oxygen forms, cerebrocurin and tiocetam limited the effect of these compounds on the activation or deprivation of the processes of gene expression, transcription and translation in neuronal cells of brain of animals that survived the prenatal alcoholism and, thus, may provide the normal development of the cognitive functions of central nervous system. And increased expression of the protein bcl-2 in the group of animals receiving cerebrocurin and tiocetam, testifies to the activation of antiapoptosis protection of damaged neurons.

A simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Metformin and Gliclazide in tablets. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an Cosmosil ODS analytical column (250×4.6 mm; 5?m) with a mixture of Methanol: Hplc grade water pH 6 adjusted with Orthophosphoric acid(70:30, v/v) as mobile phase; at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 235 nm. The retention times were 2.50 and 6.02 min. for Metformin and Gliclazide, respectively. Calibration plots were linear (r2>0.998) over the concentration range 5-30?g/ml for Metformin and 1-6?g/ml Gliclazide. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully used for quantitative analysis of tablets. No interference from any component of pharmaceutical dosage form was observed. Validation studies revealed that method is specific, rapid, reliable, and reproducible. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the method for routine determination of Metformin and Gliclazide in bulk drug and tablets dosage form.

The leaves extract of abutilon indicum leaves herbal preparation that has been suggested as useful in the treatment of varies diseases anti microbial, anti wound killing agents and anti oxidant etc. In this study to determine the gastro protective effect of abutilon indicum leaves in a model of Indomethacin induced ulcer rat. The extract was given by oral gavages (100 and 200mg/kg) three times at 12 h intervals after administering indomethacin 30mg/kg. Treatment with the extract resulted in a significant decreased of the ulcerated area. The results were comparable with the positive control (ranitidine 50mg/kg). Further the results were confirmed using Histopathological studies of the stomach. Thus, we concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of abutilon indicum leaves possess good preventive and therapeutic action on the gastric ulcers.